Candida identification

Sanjuan R., Zueco J., Stock R., Font de Mora J. Sentandreu R. (1995) Identification of glucan-mannoprotein complexes in the cell wall of Candida albicans using a monoclonal antibody that reacts with a (l,6)-/3-glucan epitope. Mzcroftzo/ogy, 141, 1545-1551. 

Cooper BH, GA Land (1979) Assimilation of protocatechnate acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid as an aid to laboratory identification of Candida parapsilosis and other medically important yeasts. J Clin Microbiol 10 343-345. 

Craft DL, KM Madduri, M Eshoo, CR Wilson (2003) Identification and characterization of the CYP52 family of Candida tropicalis ATCC 20336, important for the conversion of fatty acids and alkanes to a,(o-dicarboxylic acids. Appl Environ Microbiol 69 5983-5991. 

Laboratory identification of Candida in clinical samples must be performed to the species level whenever possible, as Candida species differ considerably in their susceptibility to antifungal agents. 

If a patient is non-neutropenic and has never received prior azole therapy, fluconazole 800 mg/day is an appropriate first-line therapy for invasive candidiasis until identification of the Candida isolate. Amphotericin B deoxycholate 0.7 mg/kg per day or caspofungin 70 mg on day 1, then 50 mg/day, voriconazole, or a lipid amphotericin B formulation are recommended as empiric therapy in patients with neutropenic fever. 

Chaffin, W. L. Lopez-Ribot, J. L. Casanova, M. Gozalbo, D. Martinez, J. P. Cell wall and secreted proteins of Candida albicans Identification, function, and expression. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 1998, 62,130-180. 

Katiyar, S. K., Edlind, T. D., Identification and expression of multidrug resistance-related ABC transporter genes in Candida krusei, Med. Mycol. 2001, 39, 109-116. 

No test has demonstrated reliable accuracy in the clinical setting for diagnosis of disseminated Candida infection. Blood cultures are positive in only 25% to 45% of neutropenic patients with disseminated candidiasis. Fluorescence in situ hybridization has excellent sensitivity and specificity in the identification of C. albicans from blood. 

Abstract A simple, accessible and cost effective method of crystallographic identification of microorganisms has been developed. It allows rapid and snfficiently reliable identification of many clinically significant pathogens based on their crystallogenic properties. The nse of the crystallographic method snbstantially accelerated and simplified the identification of Candida spp. when compared with traditional methods of identification of microorganisms. 

Following the same procedure, the crystallograms were characterized by high reproducibility. It normally takes 16-18 h to obtain crystallograms and to identify Candida spp., whereas traditional methods of identification Candida spp. usually... 

The use of the crystallographic method allows significantly acceleration and simplification in the identification of Candida spp. when compared with traditional methods of recognition of the given microorganisms. 

The use of the proposed crystallographic method accelerates and simplifies the identification of the Candida spp. when compared with conventional methods of their identification. 

This approach88 has been applied for the identification of partially methylated mannoses, in the course of the structural analysis of Candida lipolyticua mannan.88... 

Besides the development of novel approaches for a fast bacterial detection and identification, many efforts have also been made for the analysis of yeast cells. For clinical purposes rapid methodologies for the diagnosis of invasive yeast infections, e.g., by Candida species, have yet emerged to advise antifungal drugs or to adjust empirical therapy when resistant species are isolated. 

Conventional microbiological identification of isolates from patients can normally be obtained with a total turnaround time of 48-96 h. Ibelings et al. [106] and Maquelin et al. [46] developed alternatively a Raman spectroscopic approach for the identification of clinically relevant Candida species from smears and microcolonies in peritonitis patients taking at least overnight (smears) or about 6h (microcolonies). Hereby, a prediction accuracy of 90% was obtained for Raman spectroscopy in combination with multivariate statistical data analysis. 

Sipiczki, M. (2004). Species identification and comparative molecular and physiological analysis of Candida zemplinina and Candida stellata. J. Basic Microbiol. 44, 471-479. 

Microbiology — Commercial assays are now available for identification of Candida, Psuedomonas, Staphylococcus, and Enterococcus sp. in smears made from blood cultures, and several tests for detection of specific genes associated with drug resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolates are available in microwell format (3, 4). 

De Backer, M.D. et al. 2001. An antisense-based functional genomics approach for identification of genes critical for growth of Candida albicans. Nat. Biotechnol. 19, 235-241. 

Roemer, T. et al. 2003. Large-scale essential gene identification in Candida albicans and applications to antifungal drug discovery. Mol. Microbiol. 50, 167-181. 

Ishiguro A, Homma M, Torii S, Tanaka K Identification of Candida albicans antigens reactive with immunoglobulin E antibody of human sera. Infect Immun 1992 60 1550-1557. 

Hull CM, Johnson AD Identification of a mating type-like locus in the asexual pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. Science 1999 285 1271-1275. 

Pincus DH Rapid identification of Candida dubliniensis with commercial yeast identification systems. J Clin Microbiol 1999 37 3533-3539. 

Dignard, D., El-Naggar, A.L., Logue, M.E., Butler, G., and Whiteway, M. (2007). Identification and characterization of MFAl, the gene encoding Candida albicans a-factor pheromone. Eukaryot Cell 6 487-494. 

Gupta, V., Kohli, A., Krishnamurthy, S., Puri, N., Aalamgeer, S.A., Panwar, S., and Prasad, R. (1998) Identification of polymorphic mutant alleles of CaMDR 3, a major facilitator of Candida albicans... 

Sullivan, D.J., and Coleman, D.C. (1998) Identification and expression of multidrug transporters responsible for fluconazole resistance in Candida duhliniensis. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 42. 1819—1830. 

Detection of single, yeastlike cells 2 to 5 microns in diameter with narrow-based budding by direct examination or by histologic study of blood smears or tissues should raise strong suspicion of infection with H. capsulatum because colonization does not occur as with Aspergillus or Candida infection. Identification of mycelial isolates from clinical cultures can be made by conversion of the mycelium to the yeast form (requires 3 to 6 weeks) or via a rapid (2-hour)... 

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