Candida species

Respiratory, or oxidative, metaboHsm produces more energy than fermentation. Complete oxidation of one mol of glucose to carbon dioxide and water may produce up to 36 mol ATP in the tricarboxyHc acid (TCA) cycle or related oxidative pathways. More substrates can be respired than fermented, including pentoses (eg, by Candida species), ethanol (eg, by Saccharomjces), methanol (eg, by Hansenu/a species), and alkanes (eg, by Saccharomjces lipoljticd). 

Ketoconazole is active against dermatophytes (Microsporum, Trichophyton Tpidermophyton) yeasts Candida species, Cyptococcus) and the dimorphous... 

Asymptomatic vaginal colonization of Candida albicans is not diagnostic of vulvovaginal candidiasis since 10% to 20% of women are asymptomatic carriers of Candida species. Asymptomatic vaginal colonization does not require treatment. 

Vulvovaginal candidiasis (WC), whether symptomatic or asymptomatic, refers to infections in women whose vaginal cultures are positive for Candida species. 

Candida albicans accounts for 80% of cases of OPC and esophageal candidiasis. Over the last 20 years, an increasing incidence of C. albicans resistance has been accompanied by an increased incidence of non-albicans species infections, including Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, and Candida parapsilosis. In patients with cancer, non-albicans Candida species account for almost half of all cases.29... 

Richter SS, Galask RP, Messer SA, et al. Antifungal susceptibilities of Candida species causing vulvovaginitis and epidemiology of recurrent cases. J Clin Microbiol 2005 43 2155-2162. 

Familiarity with the epidemiology and frequency of non-albicans Candida species in the institution or ICU is essential before selecting empiric antifungal therapy for invasive candidiasis. 

Colonization at multiple distinct body sites or with high density of Candida species, however, often precedes invasive infection. Preemptive antifungal therapy may be indicated in colonized high-risk populations such as neutropenic fever, transplant recipients, or following major abdominal surgery. 

Laboratory identification of Candida in clinical samples must be performed to the species level whenever possible, as Candida species differ considerably in their susceptibility to antifungal agents. 

Candida species are the most common opportunistic fungal pathogens encountered in hospitals, ranking as the third to fourth most common cause of nosocomial bloodstream infections in United States Hospitals.18 The incidence of nosocomial candidiasis has increased steadily since the early 1980s, with the widespread use of central venous catheters, broad-spectrum antimicrobials, and other advancements in the supportive care... 

Timmins, E. M. Howell, S. A. Alsberg, B. K. Noble, W. C. Goodacre, R. Rapid differentiation of closely related Candida species and strains by pyrolysis mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. /. Clin. Microbiol. 1998,36, 367-374. 

Empirical antifungal therapy (unknown Candida species)... 

Candida species (particularly Candida albicans) are a common cause of sepsis in hospitalized patients. 

Candidiasis infection caused by Candida species Cardiotoxicity toxic effect to the cardiac tissues Cataract loss of transparency of the lens of the eye Chilblains areas of the skin that are inflamed and present as bluish-red in colour... 

Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Boyken L, Messer SA, Tendolkar S, Hollis RJ, Goldstein BP (2005). Effectiveness of anidulafungin in eradicating Candida species in invasive candidiasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49 4795-4797. 

Yeast flocculation mechanism can be described as a phenomenon of adhesion to certain surfaces. The ability to adhere to surfaces and to form biofilm is the basis of the pathogenicity of Candida species. Pathogens adhere to mucous membranes and wounds, they stick to medical instruments and prosthesis, and thus contaminate surfaces in food processing facilities. The high mortality rate in disseminated fungal infections caused an increase in the amount of research on the molecular basis of the adhesive phenomena in Candida. This research discovered a considerable overlap in the molecular regulation of all forms of adhesive behavior. ... 

Superinfection As with other antimicrobial agents, superinfections caused by resistant organisms (eg. Pseudomonas or Candida species) can occur. 

Ciclopirox olamine is a hydroxypyridone antifungal that is structurally unrelated to other antifungal agents. It is a broad-spectrum antimycotic agent with inhibitory activity against dermatophytes and yeasts such as Candida species and Pityrosporum orbicu-lare. Although some absorption may occur adverse reactions are rare. Local pruritus may occur. 

Tolnaftate is topically effective against various dermatophyte infections. It has also activity against Pityrosporum orbiculare but not against Candida species. Local irritation and contact sensitization are rare adverse effects. 

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