Transporters genes

Transporter (gene) Distribution Km (pmol/l) Major Function... 

Fig. 3. Model for the two-dimensional arrangement of the human erythrocyte glucose transporter in the membrane. Amino acid residues are identified by their single letter code. Solid bars indicate the location of introns in the transporter gene. The regions coloured black are released from the membrane upon tryptic digestion. Shaded segments indicate the probable regions photolabelled by ATB-BMPA (helix 8) and by cytochalasin B (helix 11 and the loop connecting it to helix 10). The circles with heavy outlines indicate the region labelled by lAPS-forskolin (helix 10).

It is well known that chemical compo.sition of rhizosphere solution can affect plant growth. Particularly, uptake of nutrients may be considerably influenced by the ionic concentration of the rhizosphere solution (40). Despite the difficulty of defining the exact concentration of ions in the rhizosphere surrounding each root (or even root portion), it has been unequivocally demonstrated that plants have evolved mechanisms to cope with the uneven distribution of ions in the root surrounding in order to provide adequate supply of each essential nutrient (41). These mechanisms include expression of transporter genes in specific root zones or cells and synthesis of enzymes involved in the uptake and assimilation of nutrients (40,43). Interestingly, it has been shown that specific isoforms of the H -ATPase are expressed in the plasma membrane of cell roots it has been proposed that the expression of specific isoforms in specific tissues is relevant to nutrient (nitrate) acquisition (44) and salt tolerance (45). 

Arias, B., Catalan, R. et al. (2003). 5-HTTLPR polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene predicts non-remission in major depression patients treated with citalopram in a 12-weeks follow up study. /. Clin. Psychopharmacol, 23(6), 563-7. 

Kim, H., Lim, S. W.et al. (2006). Monoamine transporter gene polymorphisms and antidepressant response in Koreans with late-life depression. JAMA, 296(13), 1609-18. 

Smeraldi, E., Zanardi, R. et al. (1998). Polymorphism within the promoter of the serotonin transporter gene and antidepressant efficacy of fluvoxamine. Mol. Psychiatry, 3(6), 508-11. Wang, S. L., Huang, J. D. et al. (1993). Molecular basis of genetic variation in debrisoquin hydroxylation in Chinese subjects polymorphism in RFLP and DNA sequence of CYP2D6. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 53(4), 410-18. 

Yoshida, K., Ito, K. etal. (2002). Influence of the serotonin transporter gene-linked polymorphic region on the antidepressant response to fluvoxamine in Japanese depressed patients. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 26(2), 383-6. 

Ito, K. et al. (2002). A variable number of tandem repeats in the serotonin transporter gene does not affect the antidepressant response to fluvoxamine. Psychiatry Res, 111, 235-9. 

Kim, D.K.et al. (2000). Serotonin transporter gene polymorphism and antidepressant response. Neuroreport, 11,215-19. 

Smeraldi, E. et al. (1998). Polymorphism within the promoter of the serotonin transporter gene and antidepressant efficacy of fluvoxamine. Mol. Psychiatry, 3, 508-11. 

Heils, A., Teufel, A., Petri, S. etal. (1996). Allelic variation ofhuman serotonin transporter gene expression. /. Neurochem., 66, 2621M. 

Kim, C. H., Kim, H. S., Cubells, J. F., 8c Kim, K. S. (1999). A previously undescribed intron and extensive 5 upstream sequence, but not Phox2a-mediated transactivation, are necessary for high level cell type-specific expression of the human norepinephrine transporter gene. /. Biol. Chem., 274, 6507-18. 

Lesch, K. P., Bengel, D., Heils, A. etal. (1996). Association of anxiety related traits with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene regulatory region. Science, 274, 1527-31. 

Serretti, A., Zanardi, R., Rossini, D. etal. (2001b). Influence of tryptophan hydroxylase and serotonin transporter genes on fluvoxamine antidepressants activity. Mol. Psychiatry, 6, 586-92. 

Serretti, A., Malitas, R N., Mandelli, L. etal. (2004). Further evidence for a possible association between serotonin transporter gene and lithium prophylaxis in mood disorders. Pharmacoge-nomics /., 4(4), 267-73. 

Yoshida, K., Takahashi, H., Higuchi, H. etal. (2004). Prediction of antidepressants response to milnacipran by norepinephrine transporter gene polymorphisms. Am. J. Psychiatry, 161(9), 1575-80. 

Zanardi, R., Benedetti, F., Di Bella, D., Catalano, M. Smeraldi, E. (2000). Efficacy of paroxetine in depression is influenced by a functional polymorphism within the promoter of the serotonin transporter gene. /. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 20, 105-7. 

Wang, X. X., Mu, J. S. Wang, S. H. (2004). Association study of serotonin transporter gene polymorphism and depression. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 14(4), 195-7. 

Allikmets, R, Singh, N, Sun, H, Shroyer, NE, Hutchinson, A, Chidambaram, A, Gerrard, B et al. 1997. A photoreceptor cell-specific ATP-binding transporter gene (ABCR) is mutated in recessive Stargardt macular dystrophy. Nat Genet 15, 236-246. 

Carboni, E., Spielewoy, C., Vacca, C., Norten-Bertrand, M., Giros, B., and DiChiara, G., Cocaine and amphetamine increase extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens of mice lacking the dopamine transporter gene, J. Neurosci., 21, 1, 2001. 

Lott, D.C., Kim, S., Cook, E.H., and de Wit, H., Dopamine transporter gene associated with diminished subjective response to amphetamine, Neuropharmacology, 1, 2004. 

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