Candida krusei

A cytochrome P450 has been purified from Saccharomyces cerevisiae that has benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase activity (King et al. 1984), and metabolizes benzo[fl]pyrene to 3- and 9-hydroxybenzo[fl]pyrene and benzo[fl]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol (Wiseman and Woods 1979). The transformation of PAHs by Candida Upolytica produced predominantly monohydroxyl-ated products naphth-l-ol from naphthalene, 4-hydroxybiphenyl from biphenyl and 3- and 9-hydroxybenzo[fl]pyrene from benzo[fl]pyrene (Cerniglia and Crow 1981). The transformation of phenanthrene was demonstrated in a number of yeasts isolated from littoral sediments and of these, Trichosporumpenicillatum was the most active. In contrast, biotransformation of benz[fl]anthracene by Candida krusei and Rhodotorula minuta was much slower (MacGillivray and Shiaris 1993). 

O The predominant pathogen associated with vulvovaginal candidiasis is Candida albicans, although a small percentage of cases are caused by Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, and Candida parapsilosis. 

Candida albicans accounts for 80% of cases of OPC and esophageal candidiasis. Over the last 20 years, an increasing incidence of C. albicans resistance has been accompanied by an increased incidence of non-albicans species infections, including Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, and Candida parapsilosis. In patients with cancer, non-albicans Candida species account for almost half of all cases.29... 

The data presented in Table 3, which includes the amino acid composition of baker s yeast and Candida krusei cytochrome c for comparison, show that Ustilago and Neurospora cytochrome c contain the same number of total residues. In seven instances, the number of residues of a particular amino acid/mole are identical. Thus, even in the absence of a sequence for the Ustilago cytochrome it can be concluded that this protein, unlike the siderochromes, has suffered little alteration in the progression from the Ascomycetes to the Basidiomycetes. This can be ascribed to the varying function of the two types of molecules. Cytochrome c must fit into a relatively specific slot bounded by a reductase and an oxidase and it has hence evolved much more slowly than the more freely acting transport agents where the specificity constraints are less demanding. 

Katiyar, S. K., Edlind, T. D., Identification and expression of multidrug resistance-related ABC transporter genes in Candida krusei, Med. Mycol. 2001, 39, 109-116. 

Electron transfer to the protein metal center is monitored spectroscopically. In the case of a heme (FeP), a fast increase in absorbance due to direct reduction of Fe(III)P by Ru(bpy)f is followed by a slower increase in absorbance due to reduction of Fe(III)P by the Ru(II) on the protein surface. Control flash experiments with unmodified proteins show only the fast initial increase in absorbance due to Fe(III)P reduction by Ru(bpy)3. Such control experiments demonstrate for horse heart cytochrome c [21], azurin [28], and sperm whale myoglobin [14] that slow reduction of the heme by the EDTA radical produced in the scavenging step does not occur in competition with intramolecular ET. However, for Candida krusei cytochrome c, the control experiment shows evidence for slow EDTA radical reduction of the heme after initial fast reduetion by Ru(bpy)i+ [19]. 

Candida humicola Candida krusei Candida mycoderma... 

Figure 2 Plots of the logarithm of electron transfer rate vs. the negative of the free energy of the reaction for three ET models and six rate measurements. The data are from Refs. 54, 55, 57, 59, 60 for a Zn-substituted Candida krusei cytochrome c that was also successively substituted at histidine 33 by three Ru(NH3)4L(His 33)3+ derivatives with L = NH3, pyridine, or isonicotinamide. The shortest direct distance between the porphyrin and imidazole carbon atoms was 13 A corresponding to the 10-A edge-to-edge D/A distance. Table 1 presents a summary of the parameters used in the three calculations plotted in this figure. For a (3 of 1.2 A-1, Eq. (5) yields HAB values ( 10 cm-1) of 80 cm-1,50 cm-1, and 75 cm-1, respectively, for Eq. (1), the semiclassical model [Eq. (4)], and the Miller-Closs model at the above D/A separation distance. The s values were calculated using Eq. (6) with the following parameters aD = 10 A, aA = 6 A, and r = 13 A. The kj and H°B parameters were varied independently to produce the plotted curves.

Figure 3 Dlustration of photoinduced ET (PET) in a Zn-substituted Candida krusei cytochrome c (ZnP-protein) that was substituted at histidine 33 by a Ru(III) ammine complex. Photoexcitation of the cytochrome s Zn-porphyrin (ZnP) group produced the ZnP triplet state (ZnP3) which reduced the bound Ru(III) complex thorough protein-mediated ET. Subsequently the thermal back-ET within the Ru-substituted protein re-formed the starting ZnP-protein-Ru(III) complex.

Cocoa beans Cacoa fruit Candida krusei Africa, South America... 

High cerbiden activity against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, Candida parapsitosis and Candida guilliermondii sensitive and resistant to nystatin, amphotericin C and clotrimazole was detected. 

ORD data indicated some differences between two isocytochromes c from yeast (212). The effects of pH and of the state of oxidation of cytochrome c from Candida krusei have been measured by CD (213). 

Wingard JR, Merz WG, Rinaldi MG et al. (1991). Increase in Candida krusei among patients with bone... 

Fig.6.14 The pressure dependence of the observed rates of intramolecular electron transfer in ( ) pentaammineruthenium-modified Candida krusei, ( ) horse-heart cytochrome c, and U) the observed rate of intermoiecular reduction of horse-heart ferricytochrome cby RudMHsig. ...

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