Cancer adjuvant

Kaiser MH, Ellenberg SS. Pancreatic cancer. Adjuvant combined radiation and chemotherapy following curative resection. Arch Surg 1985 120(8) 899-903. 

Epidemiology and Biology of Colorectal Cancer Adjuvant Therapy of Colon Carcinoma Adjuvant Therapy of Rectal Carcinoma Future Trends in Combined Modality Therapy for Colorectal Carcinoma References... 

Cancer—Adjuvant treatment. 2. Cancer—Chemotherapy. 3. Cancer—Radiotherapy. I. Choy,... 

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is being used increasingly as neo-adjuvant and adjuvant therapy. Neo-adjuvant ADT for 4-6 months before external beam radiation can enhance survival and reduce the prostate volume to be irradiated. Similar benefits have not been seen prior to radical prostatectomy. The benefits of neo-adjuvant therapy are most evident for high risk localized prostate cancer. Adjuvant ADT for up to 2 years following external beam radiation increases disease-free survival and overall survival for locally advanced (T3) tumors. 

Distante V, Bolognesi A, Aldrighetti D, Farris A. Cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil versus tamoxifen plus ovarian suppression as adjuvant treatment of estrogen receptor-positive pre-/perimenopausal breast cancer patients results of the Italian Breast Cancer Adjuvant Study Group 02 randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 2000 18(14) 2718-27. 

Adjuvant therapy differs for colon and rectal cancer because their natural history and recurrence patterns differ. Rectal cancer is more difficult to resect with wide margins, so local recurrences are more frequent than with colon cancer. Adjuvant RT plus chemotherapy is considered standard for stage 11 or 111 rectal cancer. Adjuvant chemotherapy is standard for stage 111 colon cancer and can be considered for high-risk stage II colon cancer. Adjuvant therapy is not indicated for stage I colorectal cancer because most patients are cured by surgical resection alone. 

Qinkal uses Advanced ovarian carcinoma, node-positive breast cancer (adjuvant), metastatic breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, cervical, bladder, head and nedc cancer, AIDS-related Kaposi s sarcoma (second line). 

For additional information, reference may be made to the volume by Life Extension Foundation (2003). It should also be mentioned that this volume has the following chapter or section titles Cancer Overview of Protocols Cancer Adjuvant Therapies Cancer Chemotherapy Cancer Clinics Offering Alternative Therapies and Cancer Gene Therapies, Stem Cells, Telomeres, and Cytokines. There are also chapters or sections titled Cancer Prevention Cancer Radiation Therapy ... 

The immunorestorative potential of inosiplex has been evaluated in several clinical conditions, including post-surgical trauma, cancer patients with concurrent viral infections, and cancer patients receiving radiotherapy or chemotherapy. For example, most (84%) of the surgery patients remained immunologicaHy depressed, but 56% of the inosiplex-treated surgery patients had complete restoration of normal skin test reactivity (probability level < 0.0005). The use of inosiplex as an adjuvant to chemotherapy or radiotherapy appears to be valuable in the prophylaxis against opportunistic infections. 

Pentoxifylline is stmcturaHy related to other methylxanthine derivatives such as caffeine [58-02-2] (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine), theobromine [83-67-0] (3,7-dimethylxanthine), and theophylline [58-55-9] (3,7-dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-1 H-piirine-2,6-dione or 1,3-dimethylxanthine), which also show radioprotective activity in some instances, suggesting that methylxanthines as a dmg class may radioprotect through a common mechanism (see Alkaloids). In a retrospective analysis of cervical and endometrial cancer patients receiving primary or adjuvant XRT, no association between caffeine consumption and incidence of acute radiation effects has been found. However, there was a decreased incidence of severe late radiation injury in cervical cancer patients who consumed higher levels of caffeine at the time of thek XRT (121). The observed lack of correlation between caffeine consumption and acute radiation effects is consistent with laboratory investigations using pentoxifylline. 

MTX is part of curative therapeutic schedules for acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALL), Burkitt s lymphoma, and choriocarcinoma. It was also used in adjuvant therapy of breast cancer. High dose MTX with leucovorin rescue can induce about 30% remissions in patients with metastatic osteogenic sarcoma. MTX is one of the few antineoplastic drugs that can be safely administered intrathecally for the treatment of meningeal metastases and leukemic infiltrations (routine prophylaxis in ALL). In addition, MTX can be used as an immunosuppressive agent for the treatment of severe rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. 

Trastuzumab (Herceptin ) Roche mAb HER-2 HER-2 overexpressing breast cancer in the adjuvant and metastatic settings... 

Several TLR-4 adjuvants for vaccines have been developed to date. An example of these is monopho-sphoryl lipid A (MJPL) a modified version of lipid A found in LPS [4]. It has been used extensively in clinical trials as it is far less toxic than LPS. It is hoped to use MPL in vaccines against infectious diseases, allergies and cancer. Derivatives of MPL have now been... 

Anastrozole is a selective nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor that lowers estrogen levels. The pharmacokinetics of anastrozole demonstrate good absorption, with hepatic metabolism the primary route of elimination and only 10% excreted unchanged by the kidney. The elimination half-life is approximately 50 hours. Anastrozole is used for the adjuvant treatment of postmenopausal women with hormone-positive breast cancer and in breast cancer patients who have had disease progression following tamoxifen. Side effects include hot flashes, arthralgias, osteoporosis/bone fractures, and thrombophlebitis. 

Adjuvant endocrine therapy reduces the rates of relapse and death in patients with hormone-receptor-positive early breast cancer tumors. Adjuvant chemotherapy reduces the rates of relapse and death in all patients with early-stage breast cancer. 

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is appropriate for patients with locally advanced or inflammatory breast cancer, followed by local therapy and further adjuvant systemic therapy. 

The agent currently being used clinically as a breast cancer chemoprevention agent is tamoxifen. In randomized trials of tamoxifen as an adjuvant treatment for breast cancer, women who received tamoxifen also were found to have a reduced incidence of contralateral primary breast carcinomas.16 A... 

A number of potential prognostic factors have been identified for breast cancer. Prognostic factors are measurements available at diagnosis or time of surgery that in the absence of adjuvant therapy are associated with recurrence rate, death rate, or other clinical outcome. 

An NIH Consensus Development Conference Statement22 advises that adjuvant hormonal therapy should be recommended to women whose tumors contain hormone-receptor protein regardless of age, menopausal status, involvement of axillary lymph nodes, or tumor size. They also support a benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy for most women with lymph node metastases or with primary breast cancers larger than 1 cm in diameter (both node-negative and node-positive).22... 

Cytotoxic drugs that have been used alone and in combination as adjuvant therapy in breast cancer include doxorubicin, epirubicin, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, fluorouracil,... 

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