Inflammatory breast cancer

Wolf M, Clark-Lewis I, Buii C et al (2003) Cathepsin D specifically cleaves the chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha, macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta, and SLC that are expressed in human breast cancer. Am J Pathol 162 1183-1190... 

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is appropriate for patients with locally advanced or inflammatory breast cancer, followed by local therapy and further adjuvant systemic therapy. 

Locally advanced cancer breast cancer generally refers to breast carcinomas with significant primary tumor and nodal disease but in which distant metastases cannot be documented. A wide variety of clinical scenarios can be seen within this group of patients, including neglected tumors that have spread locally and inflammatory breast cancers that are a unique clinical entity. Many locally advanced breast cancers are diagnosed in patients who have had symptoms for months to years and have neglected to seek medical attention. Patients with inflammatory breast cancer often are treated inappropriately for cellulitis with antibiotics for several weeks to months. 

Generally, a CA 15-3 cutoff of 25 U/ml is used to detect stage I breast cancer. In higher stages, the sensitivity is reported to be much better, which makes it a good test of tumor burden. CA 15-3 is reported to be elevated in other disease conditions such as liver disease (particularly chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and carcinoma), some inflammatory conditions (sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, systemic erythematosus), and other carcinoma (lung and ovary). For this reason, positive CA 15-3 results should be interpreted with caution (20,21). 

Stage III Usually a large tumor with extensive nodal involvement in which node or tumor is fixed to the chest wall also includes inflammatory breast cancer, which is rapidly progressive. 

Creamer et al. (1994) reported cases of breast cancer where the use of tamoxifen was temporally related to the development of an inflammatory polyarthritis resembling rheumatoid arthritis. Cases of cyclical psoriatic arthritis, however, have positively responded to antiestrogen therapy (Stevens et al. 1993). Tsai and Liu (1992) have shown that tamoxifen concurrently injected with estradiol benzoate antagonizes the condrodestructive effects of estradiol at the early stage of knee osteoarthritis in rabbits. 

Garcia Rodriguez LA, Gonzalez-Perez A (2004) Risk of breast cancer among users of aspirin and other anti-inflammatory drugs. Br Cancer J 91 525-529... 

Anti-inflammatory systemic lupus erythematosus leukemias rheumatoid arthritis breast cancer... 

The farnesoid X receptor is a member of the class of nuclear hormone receptors, which have key roles in development and homeostasis, as well as in many diseases like obesity, diabetes and cancer. The farnesoid X receptor shows structural similarity to the estrogen receptor (ER ), which mediates a broad spectrum of physiological functions such as regulation of reproduction, modulation of bone density, cholesterol transport and breast cancer. The farnesoid X receptor also shows similarity with the peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor y (PPARy), which is involved in fat metabolism, inflammatory and immune responses. The estrogen receptor (ER ), the peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor y (PPARy) and the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) can be clustered in a... 

A Surrogate Endpoint for Survival Combined Modality Treatment in Inflammatory Breast Cancer Concluding Remarks References... 

The management of locally advanced breast cancer requires the integration of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. This chapter summarizes the existing experience and addresses some of the remaining issues in combined modality therapy of locally advanced and inflammatory breast cancer. 

COMBINED MODALITY TREATMENT IN INFLAMMATORY BREAST CANCER... 

The management of locally advanced breast cancer and inflammatory breast cancer has evolved over the past twenty years. In general, surgery has maintained a role in the combined management of this disease but most studies have tested strategies to increase the extent of pathological response, especially in view of its prognostic implications. 

Phase I-II Clinical Trials of Inflammatory Breast Cancer... 

Buzdar AU, Singletary SE, Booser DJ, Frye DK, Wasaff B, Hortobagyi GN. Combined modality treatment of stage III and inflammatory breast cancer. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center experience. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 1995 4 715-734. 

Maloisel F, Dufour P, Bergerat JP, et al. Results of initial doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil, and cyclophosphamide combination chemotherapy for inflammatory carcinoma of the breast. Cancer 1990 65 851-855. 

Viens P, Penault-Llorca F, Jacquemier J, et al. High-dose chemotherapy and haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for inflammatory breast cancer pathologic response and outcome. Bone Marrow Transplant 1998 21 249-254. 

Cagnoni PJ, Nieto Y, Shpall EJ, et al. High-dose chemotherapy with autologous hematopoietic progenitor-cell support as part of combined modality therapy in patients with inflammatory breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 1998 16 1661-1668. 

Chevallier B, Bastit P, Graic Y, et al. The Centre H. Becquerel studies in inflammatory non metastatic breast cancer. Combined modality approach in 178 patients. BrJ Cancer 1993 67 594-601. 

Thoms WW Jr, McNeese MD, Fletcher GH, Buzdar AU, Singletary SE, Oswald MJ. Multimodal treatment for inflammatory breast cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1989 17 739-745. 

Neoadjuvant treatment of breast cancer has traditionally been used in inflammatory breast cancer, mainly in those patients not amenable to radical surgery and radiotherapy. The aim of the treatment is a downstaging of the disease. However, this approach can also be applied to tumors that are not initially suitable for conservative surgery but may become so post-chemotherapy. The overall survival outcomes are similar for the pre- and post-surgery approaches. 

Bachmeier BE, Mohrenz TV, Mirisola V, Schleicher E, Romeo F, Hohneke C, Jochum M, Nerlich AG, Pfeffer U. 2008. Curcumin down-regulates the inflammatory cytokines CXCL1 and -2 in breast cancer cells via NFkappaB. Carcinogenesis 29 779-789. 

In the 1930s research on the isolation of progesterone, a steroid and hormone, from natural sources led to synthetic pathways for their manufacture. Research led to the development of steroids used as contraceptives. Others were developed as anti-inflammatory steroids. Other steroids have been developed to treat breast cancer and another for prostate cancer. 

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