Bone osteoporosis

Bueline T, Cosma M and Appenzeller M. 2001. Diet acids and alkali influence calcium retention in bone. Osteoporosis Int 12 193 199. 

Ala. Albright, F., Burnett, C. H., Cope, O., and Parson, W., Acute atrophy of bone (osteoporosis) simulating hyperparathyroidism. J. Clin. Endocrinol. 1, 711-716 (1941). 

Muscle weakness, steroid myopathy, loss of muscle mass, severe arthralgia, vertebral compression fractures, aseptic necrosis of humeral and femoral heads, pathologic fracture of long bones, osteoporosis... 

The side effects of glucocorticoids are numerous (see Chapter 29). These drugs exert a general catabolic effect on all types of supportive tissue (i.e., muscle, tendon, bone). Osteoporosis is a particular a problem in the patient with arthritis because many of these... 

Osteoblast and osteoclast cells are responsible for bone formation and resorption, respectively. Calcium and phosphate are the two minerals that are essential for normal bone formation. Osteoblasts secrete a calcifiable matrix which contains minerals, collagen, and also small amount of non-collagenous proteins including osteopontin, osteonectin, bone sialoprotein, and osteocalcin (Gay et ah, 2000). The function of osteoclast is to remove bone tissue by removal of its mineralized matrix and breaking up the organic bone (90% collagen). An increase in the number of osteoclast cells and their function normally induces bone osteoporosis, indicating that osteoclast plays a pivotal role in bone homeostasis (Miyamoto and Suda, 2003). 

Hormones—Although the administration of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisone has often provided great relief for those who suffer from allergies and from inflammatory diseases like arthritis, the long-term use of these hormones has sometimes caused loss of bone minerals to the extent that weakening of the bones (osteoporosis) and/ or collapse of the spine have occurred. 

Can Walking with Orthosis Decrease Bone Osteoporosis in Paraplegic Subjects ... 

In the treatment of diseases where the metaboUtes are not being deUvered to the system, synthetic metaboUtes or active analogues have been successfully adrninistered. Vitamin metaboUtes have been successfully used for treatment of milk fever ia catde, turkey leg weakness, plaque psoriasis, and osteoporosis and renal osteodystrophy ia humans. Many of these clinical studies are outlined ia References 6, 16, 40, 51, and 141. The vitamin D receptor complex is a member of the gene superfamily of transcriptional activators, and 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D is thus supportive of selective cell differentiation. In addition to mineral homeostasis mediated ia the iatestiae, kidney, and bone, the metaboUte acts on the immune system, P-ceUs of the pancreas (iasulin secretion), cerebellum, and hypothalamus. 

H. M. Frost, Bone Dynamics in Osteoporosis and Osteomalacia Surgery Monograph Series, Charles C. Thomas, Pubhsher, Springfield, HI., 1966. 

Total synthesis of f-t -deoxypyiTobrine, a potential biochemical marker for diagnosis of osteoporosis, is shown in Eq 10 25 Osteoporosis is a cripphng degenerative bone disease that affects the aged populadon, particularly postmenopausff women... 

Four of the main-group cations are essential in human nutrition (Table A). Of these, the most important is Ca2+. About 90% of the calcium in the body is found in bones and teeth, largely in the form of hydroxyapatite, CatOH)2 - SCa PO. Calcium ions in bones and teeth exchange readily with those in the blood about 0.6 g of Ca2+ enters and leaves your bones every day. In a normal adult this exchange is in balance, but in elderly people, particularly women, there is sometimes a net loss of bone calcium, leading to the disease known as osteoporosis. 

RGD analogs have been shown to inhibit the attachment of osteoclasts to bone matrix and to reduce bone resotptive activity in vitro. The cell surface integrin, av 33, appears to play a role in this process. RGD analogs may rq resent a new approach to modulating osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and may be useful in the treatment of osteoporosis [9]. 

Due to its anti-resorptive effects, calcitonin has been widely used to treat a variety of metabolic bone diseases, including osteoporosis. However, the availability of more potent drugs has lead to a decline in the clinical use of calcitonin. 

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