Instrumentation references

Meadowcroft, D. B. In Instrumentation Reference Book, (Ed. B. E. Noltingk), Chapter 6. Chemical analysis — moisture measurement (Butterworth, 1988). 

We confine ourselves here to a brief description of the capabilities and working principles of the instrument, referring the reader for details to the... 

Figure 5.27. A summary of the relationship between the spatial resolution and the MMF for X-ray microanalysis in several electron-probe instruments (references given). The two shaded areas represent the ranges of future EPMA microanalysis predicted by Newbury et al. (1999) and the future AEM microanalysis estimated by Williams et al. (2002). (Reproduced by permission of Williams et al., 2002.)...

On the other hand, reproducibility is the closeness of the agreement between the results of measurements of the same measurand carried out under changed conditions of measurement . The changed conditions include principle of measurement, method of measurement, observer, measuring instrument, reference standards, location, conditions of use, and time. Such variable conditions are typical for interlaboratory studies (laboratory intercomparisons). 

Fowles, G., in Instrumentation Reference Book (ed. Noltingk, B. E.), Chapter 1, Measurement of flow (Butterworths, London, 1988). 

Country Study location Study year Size range (nm) Instrument Reference... 

Identification of supporting systems Alarms, interlocks, and controls Drawings on file and referenced drawings Critical process instrumentation Reference instrumentation Equipment manual... 

Abstract Since the uncertainty of each link in the traceability chain (measuring analytical instrument, reference material or other measurement standard) changes over the course of time, the chain lifetime is limited. The lifetime in chemical analysis is dependent on the calibration intervals of the measuring equipment and the shelf-life of the certified reference materials (CRMs) used for the calibration of the equipment. It is shown that the ordinary least squares technique, used for treatment of the calibration data, is correct only when uncertainties in the certified values of the measurement standards or CRMs are negligible. If these uncertainties increase (for example, close to the end of the calibration interval or shelf-life), they are able to influence significant-... 

According to the definition [1] the traceability chain is the unbroken chain of comparisons or calibrations from the result of a measurement or the value of a measurement standard to the national or international standards, all having stated uncertainties. The uncertainty of each link in this chain (measuring analytical instrument, reference material or other measurement standard) changes over the course of time. Therefore, the calibration intervals of measuring equipment used in testing (analytical) laboratories [2, 3] and of measurement standards used for their calibration are very important. The same applies to the shelf-life of a certified reference material (CRM) as a measurement standard. So, taking into account these... 

With the advent of very sensitive ionization techniques such as matrix assisted laser desorption (MALDI) coupled with time-of-flight (TOF) mass analysis, measurement of the intact mass of peptides at sub-pmol levels has become a reality (2) of which we have taken advantage for the systematic screening of HPLC fractions. Partial sequence information can be obtained by carrying out enzymatic hydrolysis with exoproteinases (e.g. carboxypeptidases and aminopeptidases) (3, 4). More recently, MALDI has been used to measure metastable decomposition occurring in the first field free region of a reflectron TOF instrument (referred to as post source decay (PSD)) with only marginally more sample (5-7). 

It has been assumed that the movement correlates to a sine function and the velocity to a cosine function. As this would lead to considerable integration errors the instrument referred to has been provided with a cosine corrector this corrects the measuring signal coming from the photomultiplier after it has been amplified. According to Ebel et al.17), however, the velocity of the oscillating movement corresponds to an entirely different function (formula and figure can be found in the... 

VIM [1] Measurement standard, etalon Material measure, measuring instrument, reference material or measuring system intended to define, realize, conserve or reproduce a unit or one or more values of a quantity to serve as a reference. EXAMPLES (2 of 6) standard hydrogen electrode reference solution of cortisol in human serum having a certified concentration. 

Type of indoor environment Com- pounds Country Collection medium Sample treatment Analytical instrument Reference... 

Eor the following commercial instruments referred to in the literature, the principle of operation (probably one of classical electrokinetic phenomena) has not been reported ZP-10 B from Shimadzu, Japan Zeta Reader Mark 21, Mitamura Riken and Sugiura 2 VD. 

Reference solution Add 10 ml SPADNS solution to 100 ml distilled water. Dilute 7 ml cone. HCl to 10 ml and add to the diluted SPADNS solution. The resulting solution, used for setting the instrument reference point (zero), is stable for at least one year. Alternately, use a prepared standard of 0 mg F /l as a reference. 

MS/MS techniques can be performed on double-focusing sector instruments as well as on quadrupole or hybrid instruments. For the purpose of this discussion will concentrate on a condensed survey of double focusing sector instruments. References that provide substantial accounts on quadrupole and hybrid instruments used for MS/MS can be found in the bibliography at the end of this chapter. 

The term radiation instruments refers to instruments used for the detection of ionizing radiation as explained in Sec. 1.1... 

Assay Type Application Assay Time (Excluding Sample Preparation Time) LOD (ppm) Technique Instrumentation References... 

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