Calf feed

L. Bobichon, A sugar ester process and its application in calf feeding and human food additives, in J.L. Hickson (Ed.), Sucrochemistry, ACS Symposium Series, Vol. 41, ACS, Washington, DC, 1977, pp. 115-120. 

A Sugar Ester Process and Its Applications in Calf Feeding and Human Food Additives... 

Rhone-Poulenc manufactures sucroglycerides by the Sugar Research Foundation process which involves the use of dimethylformamide as a solvent, which means that the product must be purified in order to meet the low requirements for dimethylformamide. This product has a high content in mono- and diester of sucrose, a low content in sucrose and low in soap. It is used mainly in the animal food field in reconstituted milk for calf feeding because of its tensioactive properties. Other applications in human markets have been found. 

Skim milk powder can be converted to calf feed by adding nonmilk fat. Because this product is EEC-aided, the determination of the percentage of skim milk powder in calf feed is prescribed by the EEC [29]. Determination of the skim milk powder content is done by enzymatic coagulation of paracasein, a time-consuming method. Moreover, the enzymatic method lacks accuracy. Therefore work has been done to determine the milk powder content by NIRS. The results improve if the skim milk powder content is based on the above-mentioned method together with the results of the protein, lactose, fat, and ash content. For these reasons the calibration of the InfraAlyzer 400 is based on these parameters. The results show that the percentage of skim milk powder in a mixture of milk powder and nonmilk fat can be determined by NIR quantitatively (Table 20.12). 

The mmen is not functional at birth and milk is shunted to the abomasum. One to two weeks after birth, the neonate consumes soHd food if offered. A calf or lamb that is nursing tends to nibble the mother s feed. An alternative method of raising the neonate is to remove it from its mother at a very young age, <1 week. A common example of an early weaning situation is the dairy calf that is removed from the cow soon after birth so that the cow s milk supply might be devoted entirely to production. In this instance, the neonate requires complete dietary supplementation with milk replacer. Sources of milk replacer protein have traditionally included milk protein but may also include soybean proteins, fish protein concentrates, field bean proteins, pea protein concentrates, and yeast protein (4). Information on the digestibiUty of some of these protein sources is available (4). 

In a recent study of range cattle, the overall prevalence of serotype 0157 H7 from fecal samples was 1 % and this parameter was only 0.6% in animals that were on cow-calf pasture (Renter et al., 2003). New Zealand is a major cattle producing country that relies mostly on pasture feeding, but epidemiological evidence and cattle surveys suggested that the prevalence of E. coli 0157 H7 appears to be extremely low in that country (Cook, personal communication). Other researchers reported only two 0157-positive animals in a study that included 531 cattle in 55 dairy farms (Buncic and Avery, 1997). In studies conducted by New Zealand s Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, E. coli 0157 H7 was never detected from a total of 3000 bovine and 500 ovine carcasses (Cook, personal communication). Based on these reports, it is apparent that cattle fed pasture had a lower 0157 H7 prevalence, but further work is needed to determine if the effect is due to the pasture feed itself or to the physical separation of the animals. 

The 1000 mg/kg supplement had no adverse effects on milk production, feed intake, body weight, general health, or reproduction there was a moderate increase in Zn content of plasma and milk. Cows fed the 2000 mg Zn/kg diet, however, had decreased milk yield and feed intake after several weeks calf weights were lower adverse effects reversed when excess zinc was removed from diet. 

Within 2 days of cessation of the low-dose-contaminated diet all calf tissues were free of famphur and famoxon this value was 4 days for the 9.9-mg/kg BW group. Concentrations of famphur (famoxon) in mg/kg FW in the high-dose group at the end of the 90-day feeding study were 0.31 (0.03) in muscle, 1.6 (0.23) in fat, 5.6 (0.5) in liver, and 0.49 (0.19) in kidney... 

Many animal species excrete more calcium if fed an acid or acidforming compounds. In the calf, Steenbock and coworkers (13) observed hypercalciuria and acidic urine after feeding hydrochloric acid to the calf. Stehle (14) pointed out that calcium represented the main long-term fixed base to be lost in the urine of the dog loaded with excessive amounts of hydrochloric acid. Walzer and Browder (15) demonstrated that when infused with a sulfate containing solution, the dog excreted several fold more acid and calcium than saline-infused controls the increased calcium loss returned to normal upon removal of the sulfate. Marone, et al. (16) demonstrated increased excretion of calcium in the acidotic dog. Correction of the acidosis reduced the excessive fractional calcium excretion rate, but did not alter sodium excretion. 

Establish cultures of mouse L929 cells and feed every 2 days with Eagle s medium (Glasgow modificiation) supplemented with 10% calf serum (Fig.4.2). 

Improving dispersion of dry mixes, e.g., lecithin in calf milk replacers. Preventing segregation of mixed feeds. 

The domestic cow or ox (Bos taurus) is a massive animal with a heavy body, a short neck with a dewlap hanging beneath, two hollow horns, and a long, tufted tail. The natural tendency of these animals is to live in herds of mature females and their calves, led by a mature bull. One calf is usually bom after a nine-month gestation, and these feed on their mother s milk for six months, after which they are weaned. 

Bacitracins (BCs) are peptide antibiotics produced by Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformisThey exhibit an inhibitory activity against Gram-positive bacteria and are most commonly used as animal feed additives for domestic animals, such as calf and swine, for preventing bacterial infection and/or improving feed... 

Zinc and Cu, as well as Co, are also assuming increasing importance in animal nutrition. In New Zealand, Zn supplementation of farm animals has decreased cow and calf losses and has alleviated facial eczema in sheep. In the U.S.A., weight gains in beef cows and calves have been improved by Zn additions to feed (Allaway, 1975). Farm animals are often supplied with Cu in the form of dietary mineral supplements. In the U.S.A., Co is usually added to mixed feeds or salt licks where needed. 

Feedlot calves are commonly infected with C. difficile as neonates, and even normal cattle can be culture positive through the end of the feeding period. Hammitt et al. (2008) investigated the possible role of C. difficile in calf enteritis. C. difficile and toxins were found in 25.3% and 22.9%, respectively, of stool samples from diarrheic calves. These findings agree with those of others (Porter et ah, 2002 Rodriguez-Palacios et ah,... 

If you have a cow and a calf, you will need a good grazing meadow of at least five acres (two hectares) and access to water. If your cow has been transported by road to her new home, she will be stressed after her trip, so give her lots to drink and a good feed. 

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