Calcium recommended daily allowance

Tolerance to the diuretic action of caffeine was demonstrated more than 50 years ago and was shown to develop on chronic caffeine intake so that the clinical significance of hypokalemia and calciuria is difficult to evaluate. Although controversial, some epidemiological studies have implicated caffeine in the increased risk for poor calcium retention. For calcium intakes lower than 750 mg per day, increased rate of bone loss and lower bone density were reported. However, it has been suggested that the effect on bone of high caffeine intake requires a genetic predisposition toward osteoporosis. In individuals who ingest calcium recommended daily allowances, there is no evidence of any effect of caffeine on bone status and calcium economy. 

The recommended daily allowances of calcium are children to 10 years of age, 360—800 mg teenage children, 1200 mg adults, 800 mg, increasing to 1200 mg during pregnancy and lactation (29). Cow s milk suppHes ca 1.27 g/L of calcium in available form. 

Vitamin D regulates calcium and phosphorus absorption and deposition and serum alkaline phosphatase levels. The recommended daily allowance is 5 /xg, increasing to 10 to 15 /xg in older age.109 Vitamin D3 is synthesized under UVB irradiation in the skin where it is stored and released into the circulation in a complex with the vitamin D binding protein. In liver it is hydroxylated to 25(OH)-cholecalciferol, the hormonal precursor, followed by another hydroxylation step in the... 

One of the main potential deficiencies in the diet is calcium. Lack of calcium is associated with osteoporosis and possibly several other diseases. The recommended daily allowance for adolescents/young adults and the elderly has increased from the previous recommendation of 800 to 1,200 mg/day to 1,500 mg/day. This level is difficult to achieve, and the use of calcium citrate in fortified foods has been recommended by Labin-Goldscher and Edelstein (1996). Sloan and Stiedemann (1996) highlighted the relationship between consumer demand for fortified products and complex regulatory issues. 

Appiying Concepts The recommended daily allowance of calcium is 1000 mg of Ca ions. Calcium carbonate is used to supply the calcium in vitamin tablets. How many moles of calcium ions does 1000 mg represent How many moles of calcium carbonate are needed to supply the required amount of calcium ions What mass of calcium carbonate must each tablet contain ... 

When the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for calcium is not met by the diet is (particularly in women), supplementation in the form of calcium salts is recommended. Calcium salts vary widely in calcium content by weight, calcium gluconate has 9%, calcium lactate has 13%, and calcium carbonate has 40% calcium. Absorption of calcium from salts may vary calcium carbonate is the most poorly absorbed. Bone meal and dolomite are not recommended sources of calcium, since they may contain lead, arsenic, mercury, and other toxic metals. A potential complication of excessive calcium intake is formation of urinary tract stones this risk may be reduced by ample fluid intake. 

Vertebrates require much calcium in their food in the USA the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for adult humans is 800 mg, and most other countries have comparable recommendations. During gestation in mammals, calcium must be transported across the placenta into the fetus, in particular during those phases of pregnancy when bone formation is most rapid. Interestingly, there appear to be some parallels between intestinal and placental transport that will be discussed further below. The role of calcium in biominerals is a vast subject that we can treat only superficially in this chapter. 

Cheese is an important dietary source of several minerals, in particular calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium (Table XV). A 100-g serving of hard cheese provides ca. 800 mg Ca, which represents the Recommended Daily Allowance for most adults (Food and Nutrition Board, 1980). However, acid-coagulated cheeses, e.g.. Cottage, contain considerably lower levels of calcium than rennet-coagulated varieties (Renner, 1987). 

Generally, seaweed contains high ash content indicating appreciable amounts of minerals. Mineral content of seaweed can account for up to 36% of its dry mass and mineral macronutrients include sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, chlorine, sulfur, and phosphorus whereas the micronutrients include iodine, iron, zinc, copper, selenium, molybdenum, fluoride, manganese, boron, nickel, and cobalt. Among these minerals, calcium holds 4-7% of dry matter. At 7% calcium, a t) ical daily portion size of seaweed (8 g dry weight) provides 560 mg of calcium which is a considerable amount compared to its recommended daily allowance (800-1000 mg) (Anonymous, 2004). In seaweeds, calcium is available as calcium phosphate, and that is more bioavailable than the form of calcium in milk, which is calcium carbonate. 

Precautions A severe eye and moderate skin irritant. GRAS (generally recognized as safe). A common air contaminant. It is considered the most concentrated and cheapest form of commercial calcium supplement. It is best absorbed when taken with food. The recommended daily allowance is about 800 mg. 

A Calcium is the most well-known and abundant mineral in the body. It is an essential part of our bones and teeth, but it also plays a role in muscle, nerve, and blood vessel function. Blood levels of calcium, which represent only 1% of total body calcium (the rest is in our bones), are tightly controlled within a narrow range. Unfortunately, if you don t consume adequate amounts of calcium, your body gets what it needs from your bones, which can lead to a decrease in bone density known as osteoporosis. Bone density peaks at about the age of 30, so it is very important to consume adequate amounts of dietary calcium before age 30 to build up bone to optimal levels, and after age 30 it is important to preserve bone as much as possible. Bone undergoes constant turnover, and so it requires a constant supply of calcium. In addition to its role in reducing the risk of osteoporosis, research suggests that adequate dietary calcium may also decrease the risk of colorectal cancer. The recommended daily allowance (U.S. RDA) of calcium for adults (the amount considered adequate to meet the needs of 97-98% of healthy individuals) is shown in the following table ... 

The recommended daily dietary allowance of calcium is 1200 mg. Calcium carbonate is an inexpensive source of calcium and useful as a dietary supplement as long as it is taken along with vitamin D, which is essential to calcium absorption. How many grams of calcium carbonate must an individual take per day to provide for his/her recommended daily allowance of calcium ... 

Ocean water contains 3.5% NaCl by mass. What mass of ocean water in grams contains 45.8 g of NaCl 56. A hard water sample contains 0.0085% Ca by mass (in the form of Ca ions). What mass of water in grams contains 1.2 g of Ca (1.2 g of Ca is the recommended daily allowance of calcium for 19- to 24-year-olds.)... 

The calcium present in calcium carbonate is an essential part of good nutrition because calcium prevents osteoporosis, the degeneration of bone. One Turns tablet provides 20% of the recommended daily allowance of calcium. Too much calcium, however, should be avoided because it can cause constipation. 

It may be seen from Table B-4 that many of the products, when used in the amounts indicated, contribute from 1/4 to 1/2 of the Recommended Daily Allowances (RDAs) of calcium and phosphorus (the RDA for adults for each of these minerals is 800 mg). This contribution is very important because many people may drink coffee, tea, beer, or other nondairy beverages at their meals. Hence, quick breads may make up for some of the lack of dietary calcium. Nevertheless, it pays for the consumer to read the labels on these products, because there is a wide variation in their calcium contents. For example, tartrate baking powders contain no calcium. 

RECOMMENDED DAILY ALLOWANCE OF CALCIUM. The National Research Council recommended daily dietary allowances, with provision for individual variation, of calcium are given in the section on MINERAL(S), Table M-25, Mineral Table. 

Note that the recommended daily allowances for calcium range from 400 mg to 1,200 mg. Note, too, that the allowances vary according to age, and that provision is made for added allowances for pregnant and lactating females. 

It is difficult to meet the recommended daily allowances for calcium without including milk and/or milk products in the diet. If the average American diet contained no dairy products, one would be hard pressed to obtain more than 300 mg of calcium daily. Two cups (480 ml) of milk are sufficient to meet the daily calcium needs of adults. Children need 3 or more cups daily, whereas adolescents need 4 cups or more. 

The lower part of the nutrition label must give the percentages of the U.S. Recommended Daily Allowances (U.S. RDA) of protein and seven vitamins and minerals in a serving of the product, in the following order protein, vitamin A, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, calcium, and iron. The listing of 12 other vitamins and minerals, and of cholesterol, fatty acid, and sodium content is optional—for now. Nutrients present at levels less than 2% of the U.S. RDA may be indicated by a zero or an asterisk which refers to the statement, "contains less than 2% of the U.S. RDA of these nutrients."... 

One cup (125 g) of self-rising white wheat flour, which contains monocalcium phosphate as a leavening acid, supplies more than 1/3 of the Recommended Daily Allowances (RDA) for calcium, and more than 1/2 of that for phosphorus. Hence, items baked with this flour may be an important source of these minerals for people who fail to eat sufficient amounts of dairy products. 

Hard cheese, such as Cheddar, is one of the most concentrated of common foods 100 g (about 3.5 oz) supplies about 35% of the protein, 80%of the calcium, and 34% of the fat in the recommended daily allowance. Cheese is also a good source of some minerals and vitamins. 

A summary of individual mineral functions, deficiency and toxicity symptoms, recommended daily allowance, and sources is given in Table M-25, Mineral Table. (Calcium, phosphorus, sodium, and chlorine are listed in this order, and first, under macrominerals, then the rest of the minerals are listed alphabetically under their respective categories—as macromineral or micromineral.)... 

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