Calcium hyaluronate

Calcium hyaluronate, 376-377 Calcium pectate, 353 Calcium welan, structure, 432-434 Candida utilis, thiamine synthesis,... 

X-Ray analysis of hyaluronic acid revealed a broad spectrum of conformations and packing modes. For the monovalent-salt form, containing traces of divalent cation, two threefold, helical chains pass through the unit cell, with a = b = 1.7 nm, c = 2.85 nm, and y = 120°. For calcium hyaluronate, six threefold, helical chains are contained in the unit cell, with a = b = 2.09 nm, c = 2.83 nm, and y = 120°. Upon he-miprotonation of the potassium salt form, the chain had a sixfold screw symmetry, and six such chains pack in the unit cell with a = b =2.12 nm, c = 0.547 nm, and y = 120°. In the sodium salt form, the chains have a fourfold symmetry. The unit cell is tetragonal, with a = b = 0.99 nm, c = 3.39 nm, and y = 90°, and contains two chains. 

Carrageenan K/Hyaluronic Acid Protamine sulfate/Calcium and Potassium Chloride 6... 

K-carrageenan/hyaluronic acid//protamine sulfate/calcium chloride and... 

Calcium and strontium salts of hyaluronic acid, at relative humidities of 66-92%, crystallize in a trigonal unit-cell, with a = b — 2.093 nm and c = 2.83 nm. On drying, the base-plane dimensions reduce to a = b = 1.832 nm, with c = 2.847 nm. Seven water molecules per disaccharide residue exist in the wet form, and two in the dry form. The adjacent chains are antiparallel, and the space group is P3212. The three disaccharide units in the 3(- 0.94) helix are nonequi-... 

Attempts to induce conformational changes showed that a second fourfold helix, having a slightly larger repeat (3.72 nm) can be obtained by addition of chondroitin 6-sulfate to the hyaluronate solution. It is not possible to induce a change from the threefold to the fourfold helical form in the condensed state, but the reverse can be achieved, although only by the addition of a calcium salt. A review of the hyaluronic acid conformations was given. 

In arteriosclerotic processes, the mucopolysaccharide spectrum changes Buddecke (B17) has demonstrated that the amounts of sulfated mucopolysaccharides are increased by 50, whereas the amounts of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin fall to 40% and 15% of their original values, respectively. The increase of sulfated mucopolysaccharides in arteriosclerotic aortae is related to the increased deposition of calcium. 

The major adverse effect associated with the use of viscoelastic substances, such as hyaluronate sodium, is a transient rise in intraocular pressure in the immediate postoperative period, attributed to its viscoelastic nature, resulting in coating and plugging of the trabecular mesh-work. For this reason, it is advisable to dilute hyaluronate sodium at the end of the surgical procedure with a balanced salt solution. Chondroitin sulfate is relatively less likely to precipitate such extreme rises in intraocular pressure because it is cleared rapidly from the trabecular meshwork. However, with any technique or chemical used in surgery there is always the potential for an unexpected adverse effect, and the risks of Viscoat include subepithelial calcium deposition and keratopathy (3). 

The addition of heparin to the isolated rat diaphragm previously loaded with rubidium 86 results in change of the inflow of rubidium . Heparin has a permeabilizing action which appears to be due to mobilization of bound potassium and this can be related to a reduction of calcium in the perfusion solution. Karasek and Mourek.i conclude that heparin depresses oxidative processes through an effect on cell permeability it is possible that it adsorbs certain substances such as potassium chloride or acetylcholine. In extracorporeal dialysis , heparin causes an apparent decrease of 60 per cent in plasma calcium concentration. Heparin also forms a chelate-like compound with calcium ions " . This process is usually unimportant as heparin absorbs a maximum of only 5 per cent of its weight of calcium, but with intradermal, intramuscular or subcutaneous administration, heparin may deplete the capillary walls of calcium and cause them to become fragile. Heparin alsc decreases wound strength 6-14 days after operation in some experiments and may delay the union of fractures in bone repair . Heparin, but not chondroitin sulphate or hyaluronic acid, in tissue culture increases the amount of bone resorption in the presence of suboptimal concentrations of parathyroid extracts, and thus may be a cofactor in bone metabolism. ... 

K-carrageenan/hyaluronic acid/Zprotamine sulfate/calcium chloride and potassium chloride ... 

Interaction of calcium ions with HA to modulate its viscosity pre- and postadministration around the severed flexor tendon to minimize postoperative adhesion formation in leghorn chickens was reported by Shalaby and co-workers as noted in Chapter 9.i4-i5 Thornton and co-workers explored the use of ferric hyaluronate as a more viscous gel analog of HA-Na for postoperative adhesion. ... 

Miller and co-workers investigated the effect of intraoperative treatments of high viscosity absorbable gels, made of various combinations of hyaluronic acid and nonsteroidal, antiinflammatory drugs, on adhesion formation in a flexor tendon model. Part of the study was designed to determine the effect of calcium ion on the viscosity of the HA before and after administra-hon at the sui cal site. For this, mature white leghorn chickens were used to verify the chosen sui cal model and to test five different gel treatments. The gels were formed from a base of 2% sodium hyaluronate in phosphate buffered saline, plus ... 

Halocom DMDMH. See DM DM hydantoin Halocom DMH. See DM hydantoin Haloflex 202, Haloflex 202S, Haloflex 312. See Vinyl acrylic copolymer Halon. See Dichlorodifluoromethane Halon 1211. See Bromochlorodifluoroemethane Halon 1301. See Thfluorobromomethane Halosol . See Hyaluronic acid Halowax. See fetrachloronaphthalene Halox CW-491. See Calcium silicophosphate Halox Zinc Phosphate. See Zinc phosphate Halpasol 190/240. See CIO-13 alkane Halpasol 230 W. See Petroleum distillates Halpasol 240/270. See C14-17 alkane Halphos. See Lead phosphite dibasic Halso 99 Halso AG 125. See Monochlorotoluene... 

HTH Super Biack Aigaecide. See Trichloroisocyanuric acid HTH. See Calcium hypochlorite HTL HYP Hyaiuronic Acid 85%, HTL MYP Hyaiuronic Acid 93%. See Hyaluronic acid HT Monocaicium Phosphate. See Calcium phosphate monobasic monohydrate HTPX-5322. See Polyamide HT-Proteoiytic 200, HT-Proteoiytic Cone., HT-Proteoiytic L-175. See Protease HU. See Hydroxyurea... 

Sabosol T 40. See TEA-lauryl sulfate Sabosorb ML. See Sorbitan laurate Sabosorb MO. See Sorbitan oleate Sabosorb MP. See Sorbitan palmitate Sabosorb MS. See Sorbitan stearate Sabosorb TO. See Sorbitan trioleate Sabowax TC 30. See PEG-5 glyceryl stearate Sabowax TC 82. See PEG-1 sorbitan isostearate Saccaluronate CC Saccaluronate CW, Saccaluronate LC. See Sodium hyaluronate Saccharase. See Invertase Saccharated lime (INCI). See Calcium saccharate Saccharide isomerate CAS 100843-69-4... 

Combined measurements derived from small-angle A -ray scattering and viscosity studies indicate that, in aqueous sodium chloride solution, the sodium hyaluronate molecule is approximately 4 nm long. Sodium, lithium, calcium, and magnesium ions induce local rather than overall changes in the conforma-... 

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