Sodium chloride aqueous solution

Combine the ethyl acetate-n-hexane layer in a 500-mL separatory funnel, add 70 mL of 0.9 M sodium hydroxide solution and 10 mL of saturated sodium chloride aqueous solution (pH 10 or higher), shake the mixture and collect the organic layer. Wash the residual alkaline aqueous layer with 30 mL of n-hexane and combine the n-hexane layer with the organic layer. Using this partitioning procedure, Orbencarb and I are partitioned into the organic layer and n is partitioned into the alkaline aqueous layer. 

Transfer the concentrate into a 200-mL separatory funnel using two portions of 20 mL of n-hexane. Add 100 mL of saturated sodium chloride aqueous solution and extract twice with 100 mL of n-hexane by shaking for 5 min and allow the phases to separate. After dehydration of the n-hexane extract with 10 g of anhydrous sodium sulfate, concentrate the extract to dryness below 40 °C with a rotary evaporator. Transfer the residue with three portions of 5 mL of n-hexane into a glass column containing 10 g of Florisil (deactivated by water at a rate of 1%). Elute with 100 mL of n-hexane-ethyl acetate (9 1, v/v) and then with 100 mL of n-hexane-ethyl acetate (7 3, v/v). Concentrate the second eluate to dryness and dissolve the residue in 10 mL of n-hexane and analysis by gas chromatography/flame thermionic detection (GC/FTD). 

Pass the solution derived from Section 6.2.2 through a Cig cartridge (conditioned prior to use successively with 5mL of acetonitrile and 10 mL of water), then elute interfering substances with 15 mL of acetonitrile-water (3 17, v/v) and discard the eluate. Elute imibenconazole-debenzyl with 20 mL of acetonitrile-water (2 3, v/v) and collect the eluate in a 100-mL separatory funnel (imibenconazole-debenzyl fraction). Elute imibenconazole with 20 mL of acetonitrile-water (17 3, v/v) and collect the eluate in a 100-mL separatory funnel (imibenconazole fraction). Add 30 mL of 20% sodium chloride aqueous solution and 40 mL of ethyl acetate to each separatory funnel and shake the funnel with a mechanical shaker for 5 min. Collect the ethyl acetate extract, dry the extract with anhydrous sodium sulfate and transfer into a 100-mL round-bottom flask. Concentrate the ethyl acetate extract to near dryness by rotary evaporation and dry with a stream of nitrogen. Dissolve the residue of each fraction in acetone for gas chromatographic determination as in Section 6.3. 

Into a 300-mL separatory funnel transfer the residue prepared in Section 6.1.1, 6.1.2 or 6.1.3 with 100 mL of distilled water and add lOmL of saturated sodium chloride aqueous solution. Extract the mixture twice with 50 mL of n-hexane. Combine the... 

To the concentrated solution, 200 mL of 5% sodium chloride aqueous solution and 100 ml of n-hexane are added and vigorously shaken in a separatory funnel for 5 min. After leaving for a while, the n-hexane layer is collected. To the aqueous layer 100 mL of n-hexane are added and the partition procedure is repeated. The combined n-hexane layer is dried by passing through a funnel containing 50 g of anhydrous sodium sulfate and is concentrated under reduced pressure below 40 °C. 

A solution of 642 mg of thioacetic acid in 14 ml of dried dimethylformamide was added to a suspension of 374 mg of 50% sodium hydride in 13 ml of dried dimethylformamide in a nitrogen stream, followed by stirring at room temperature for 25 minutes. To the mixture were added 975 mg of sodium iodide and then a solution of 2.52 g of trans-l-(p-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl)-4-methanesulfonyloxy-L-prolineamide in 12 ml of dried dimethylformamide, and the resulting mixture was heated to 70°C for 6 hours while stirring. The reaction mixture was poured into a cool aqueous solution of sodium chloride and extracted with benzene. The extract was washed successively with a 10% aqueous solution of sodium sulfate and a sodium chloride aqueous solution, dried over sodium sulfate and distilled off to remove the solvent. The resulting crude crystals were washed with a warm mixed solvent of tetrahydrofuran and benzene to obtain (2S,4S)-l-(p-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl)- 2-carbamoyl-4-acetylthio-L-prolineamide. Melting point 168.5-169.5°C. 

Some recent developments in the research of the structure and dynamics of solvated ions are discussed. The solvate structure of lithium ion in dimethyl formamide and preliminary results on the structure of sodium chloride aqueous solutions under high pressures are presented to demonstrate the capabilities of the traditional X-ray diffiraction method at new conditions. Perspectives of solution chemistry studies by combined methods as e.g. diffraction results with reverse Monte Carlo simulations, are also shown. 

Preparation 8-1 A quaternary ammonium salt of hyaluronic acid is dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide. Octyl isocyanate as reactant and di-w-butyl-tin dilaurate as the catalyst are added. The reaction is done at 65°C for 8 h. Afterwards, dibutylamine is added to stop the reaction. Eventually, the reaction mixture is dialyzed in saturated sodium chloride aqueous solution, purified, exchanged from the quaternary ammonium salt to a sodium salt, and finally freeze-dried. 

C is the concentration of CM-chitosan in 0.1 mol/L sodium chloride aqueous solution... 

Preparation of Racemic 6,8-Dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-7-one. To an aqueous solution of sodium 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran -2-carboxylate (50 g) was added 6N hydrochloric acid (64 ml) in a few minutes keeping the temperature below lO C with external ice-cooling. After the addition of a sufficient amount of sodium chloride to saturate the solution, it was extracted several times with diethyl ether. The ether extract was washed three times with a saturated sodium chloride aqueous solution and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was distilled. Yield 78% bp 68-70 C (4 mmHg) (lit.[9], bp 62-64 C (3 mmHg)). The monomer was dried over calcium hydride and fractionally distilled just before use. 

Frosch and coworkers studied the surface tension of binary solutions of adipic, citric, oxalic, succinic, and cis-pinonic acids in either ammonium sulfate or sodium chloride aqueous solutions using tensiometry at room temperature [205]. They observed no surface tension depression in solutions containing oxalic acid, and cis-pinonic acid had the highest surface activity among the compounds studied. 

Ebara, R., T. Kai, and K. Inoue (1978). Corrosion fatigue behavior of 13Cr stainless steel in sodium chloride aqueous solution and steam environment, in Corrosion Fatigue Technology, ASTM STP 642, pp. 155-168. 

The procedure used was a modification of that described previously by Bocchi et. al., 2 j) e to the poor solubility of Na-r-PGA in dimethylsulf-oxide (DMSO), the free acid form (H-T PGA) was dissolved in DMSO and to this solution was added a five molar excess of either n-ethyl or n-propyl bromide. The reaction was allowed to continue for 48 h at room temperature after which the product was precipitated into a 6% sodium chloride aqueous solution. The precipitate was further purified by soxhlet extraction with acetone, ether, and then dried in vacuo. 

Hydroxycortisone BMD) (48) A solution of 4 g of 17a,20 20,21-bis-methylenedioxypregn-4-ene-3,l 1-dione (cortisone BMD) (46) dissolved in 300 ml of t-butanol and 5 ml of water is treated with 34 ml of 35 % hydrogen peroxide and 0.45 g of osmium tetroxide predissolved in 36 ml of /-butanol. The resulting mixture is allowed to stand at room temperature for 2 days. Diol (47) which crystallizes during the reaction is collected by filtration and washed with /-butanol and water. The filtrate is diluted with ethyl acetate and washed sequentially with aqueous sodium chloride, aqueous 10% sodium bisulfite, aqueous 10% sodium bicarbonate and finally with water to neutrality. The solvent is evaporated and a second crop of the diol (47) is collected, providing a total of about 3.8 g. 

An aqueous sodium chloride (NaCl) solution is made up by dissolving 11.7 g pure NaCl in water, and making up the total volume to 1 liter (i.e., 1000 cm3, or 1 dm3). This gives a salt solution of concentration 11.7g dmT3. 

Synthesis. Oxidation of -alkyl or -benzyl IJ,IJ-dialkylthio-carbamates with one equivalent of m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (MCPBA) in chloroform or methylene chloride at -25° to 25°C yields the corresponding carbamoyl sulfoxide (3) in essentially quantitative yield (3-5). The -chloroallyl thiocarbamate sulfoxides (e.g., 4-7) are obtained in the same manner except that the temperature is maintained between -20°C and 0°C for the oxidation and extraction of the reaction mixture with 5% sodium carbonate aqueous solution (7, 8). 

To a solution of 1 equivalent (eq.) of lH-tetrazole-1-acetic acid and 1 eq. of triethylamine in 20 ml of tetrahydrofuran cooled to -20°C was added 1 eq. of pivaloyl chloride. After thirty-minute stirring of the mixture 20 ml of a chloroform solution containing 1 eq. of and 1 eq. of triethylamine was poured into the solution cooled at -10°C during a period of 30 minutes. The resulting mixed solution was stirred for 30 minutes at the same temperature, for 1 hour in an ice-water mixture and for 3 hours at room temperature. Removal of a solvent from the reaction mixture afforded an oily residue, which was dissolved into 15 ml of 10% sodium bicarbonate aqueous solution. The resulting aqueous layer was adjusted to pH 1.0-2.0 with 10% hydrochloric acid, washed with ether and extracted with ethyl acetate. The extract was washed with water, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure leaving a residue which was triturated with ethyl acetate to obtain 3-acetoxymethyl-8-oxo-7-(2-tetrazol-l-acetylamino)-5-thia-l-aza-bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid. 

The resultant light yellow solution is stirred at -78°C for 12 hr (Note 6). During this time, the color of the solution intensifies considerably. The bright yellow solution is warmed to 0°C in an ice water bath and stirred for 35 min, during which time the color of the solution becomes bright yellow-orange. The reaction is then quenched by the sequential addition of 270 mL of saturated aqueous ammonium chloride and 200 mL of saturated aqueous sodium potassium tartrate. The emulsion is removed from the ice water bath and stirred vigorously for 50 min, by which time adequate phase separation is observed (Note 7). The biphasic mixture is transferred to a 2-L separatory funnel and is extracted with four 175-mL portions of dichloromethane. The combined extracts are washed sequentially with two 500-mL portions of an ice-cooled IM aqueous solution of sodium bisulfate, three 500-mL portions of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate and 500 mL of saturated aqueous sodium chloride. The solution is dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and is concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 8.5 g of a yellow oil. 

Viscosity of aqueous cesium chloride (CsCl) solution was measured in the range of 0.1-5.0 mol kg-i and 0.1-375 MPa at 25 °C. The Jones-Dole B coefficient of CsCl was obtained from the concentration dependence of the viscosity. It is negative not only at atmospheric pressure but also at high pressure, having a maximum against pressure at about 160 MPa. Similar maximum of the B was observed for aqueous sodium chloride (NaCl) solution. The similarity is discussed in terms of the water structure and dielectric friction theory. 

Take, for example, a system whose independent components are water and sodium chloride and which is divided into three phases solid chloride of sodium, an. aqueous solution, and water vapor it may be supposed that sodium chloride dissolves without con densation of water vapor, that water vapor condenses without dissolving sodium chloride, that when a mass of sodium chloride is dissolved and a mass of water vapor condensed, the ratio of these two masses may have any value whatever it may similarly be imagined that the S3nstem undergoes any modifications the opposite of the preceding. 

Calculate (a) the mean ionic activity coefficient and the mean ionic activity of a 0.002 mol kg aqueous solution of ephedrine sulfate (b) the mean ionic activity coefficient of an aqueous solution containing 0.002 mol kg ephedrine sulfate and 0.01 mol kg sodium chloride. Both solutions are at 25°C. 

---