Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases

Akiyama, K., Suemaru, J. Effect of acute and chronic administration of methamphetamine on calcium-calmodulin dependent protein kinase II activity in the rat brain. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 914 263, 2000. 

FIGURE 1 2-2 Schematic diagram of the phosphorylation sites on each of the four 60kDa subunits of tyrosine hydroxylase (TOHase). Serine residues at the N-terminus of each of the four subunits of TOHase can be phosphorylated by at least five protein kinases. (J), Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM KII) phosphorylates serine residue 19 and to a lesser extent serine 40. (2), cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) phosphorylates serine residue 40. (3), Calcium/phosphatidylserine-activated protein kinase (PKC) phosphorylates serine 40. (4), Extracellular receptor-activated protein kinase (ERK) phosphorylates serine 31. (5), A cdc-like protein kinase phosphorylates serine 8. Phosphorylation on either serine 19 or 40 increases the activity of TOHase. Serine 19 phosphorylation requires the presence of an activator protein , also known as 14-3-3 protein, for the expression of increased activity. Phosphorylation of serines 8 and 31 has little effect on catalytic activity. The model shown includes the activation of ERK by an ERK kinase. The ERK kinase is activated by phosphorylation by PKC. (With permission from reference [72].)... 

Protein kinase Cd, Akt kinase, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEKK-1), focal adhesion kinase (FAK), protein phosphatase (PP)2A, calcineurin... 

Koch, T., Kroslak, T., Mayer, P., Raulf, E., and HoUt, V. (1997) Site mutation in the rat mu-opioid receptor demonstrates the involvement of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in agonist-mediated desensitization. J. Neurochem. 69, 1767-1770. 

This enzyme [EC 2.7.1.123], also referred to as calcium/ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II, and micro-tubule-associated protein MAP2 kinase, catalyzes the reaction of ATP with a protein to produce ADP and an 0-phosphoprotein. The enzyme requires calcium ions and calmodulin. Proteins that can serve as substrates include vimentin, synapsin, glycogen synthase, the myosin light-chains, and the microtubule-associated tau protein. This enzyme is distinct from myosin light-chain kinase [EC 2.7.1.117], caldesmon kinase [EC 2.7.1.120], and tau-protein kinase [EC 2.7.1.135]. 

CALCIUM/CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE Calcium carbonate (CaCOs), BIOMINERALIZATION SOLUBILITY PRODUCT Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2),... 

Yang Y, Cheng P, Zhi G, Liu Y 2001 Identification of a calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase that phosphorylates the Neurospora clock protein FREQUENCY. J Biol Chem 276 41064-41072... 

Wolfman C, Fin C, Dias M, Bianchin M, Da Silva RC, Schmitz PK, Medina JH, Izquierdo 1 (1994) Intrahippocampal or intraamygdala infusion of KN62, a specific inhibitor of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 11, causes retrograde amnesia in the rat. Behav Neural Biol 61 203-205... 

Communi, D. Dewaste, V. Erneux, C. Calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and protein kinase C-mediated phosphorylation and activation of D-myo-inositol 1,4, 5-trisphosphate 3-kinase B in astrocytes. J. Biol. Chem., 274, 14734-14742 (1999)... 

Enslen H., Tokumitsu H., Stork R J., Davis R. J., and Soderling T. R. (1996). Regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases by a calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase cascade. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93 10803-10808. 

Moriguchi S., Han F., Nakagawasai O., Tadano T., and Fukunaga K. (2006). Decreased calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and protein kinase C activities mediate impairment of hippocampal long-term potentiation in the olfactory bulbectomized mice. J. Neurochem. 97 22-29. 

Chow, F. A., Anderson, K. A., Noeldner, P. K. and Means, A. R., 2005, The autonomous activity of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV is required for its role in transcription, J Biol Chem, 280, pp 20530-8. 

Chow, F. A. and Means, A. R., 2006, The Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Cascades, New Comprehensive Biochemistry-Calcium, A Matter of Life or Death, (J. Krebs and M. Michalak), Elsevier B.V. 

Haribabu, B., Hook, S. S., Seibert, M. A., Goldstein, E. G., Tomhave, E. D., Edelman, A. M., Snyderman, R. and Means, A. R., 1995, Human calcium-calmodulin dependent protein kinase I cDNA cloning, domain structure and activation by phosphorylation at threonine-177 by calcium-calmodulin dependent protein kinase I kinase, Embo J, 14, pp 3679—3686. 

Matthews, R. P., Guthrie, C. R., Wailes, L. M., Zhao, X., Means, A. R. and McKnight, G. S., 1994, Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase types II and TV differentially regulate CREB-dependent gene expression., Mol Cell Biol, 14, pp 6107-6116. 

Picciotto, M., Czernik, A. and Nairn, A., 1993, Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I. cDNA cloning and identification of autophosphorylation site., J. Biol. Chem., 268, pp 26512-26521. 

Picciotto, M., Zoli, M., Bertuzzi, G. and AC., N., 1995, Immunochemical localization of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I, Synapse, 20, pp 75-84. 

Planas-Silva, M. D. and Means, A. R., 1992, Expression of a constitutive form of calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II leads to arrest of the cell cycle in G2, EMBO Journal, 11, pp 507-517. 

Rodriguez-Mora, O., LaHair, M. M., Howe, C. J., McCubrey, J. A. and Franklin, R. A., 2005, Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases as potential targets in cancer therapy, Expert Opin Ther Targets, 9, pp 791-808. 

See, V., Boutillier, A. L., Bito, H. and Loeffler, J. P., 2001, Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type TV (CaMKIV) inhibits apoptosis induced by potassium deprivation in cerebellar granule neurons, Faseb J, 15, pp 134-144. 

Tokumitsu, H., Enslen, H. and Soderling, T. R., 1995, Characterization of a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase cascade. Molecular cloning and expression of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase, J Biol Chem, 270, pp 19320—4. 

Currie, S., Loughrey, C. M., Craig, M. A., and Smith, G. L. (2004). Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Ildelta Associates with the Ryanodine Receptor Complex and Regulates Channel Function in Rabbit Heart. Biochem J 377(Pt 2) 357-66. 

Moriguchi S (2011) Pharmacological study on Alzheimer s drugs targeting calcium/ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. J Pharmacol Sci 117(1) 6-11... 

Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM kinase II) is a mediator of synaptic and cytoskeletal function as well as neurotransmitter release. The reduced CaM kinase II activity observed following normothermic ischemia is not seen under conditions of intraischemic hypothermia (57,110). Ubiquitin, a small protein involved in the catabolism of other abnormal proteins, is decreased following ischemia this may lead to an accumulation of abnormal proteins that affect cell function. Intraischemic hypothermia induces a significant restitution of ubiquitin compared to the normothermic condition (111). 

Chum S. B., Taft W. C., Billingsley M. S., Blair R. E., and DeLorenzo R. J. (1990) Temperature modulation of ischemic neuronal death and inhibition of calcium/ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in gerbils. Stroke 21,1715-1721. 

Fig. 2. Messengers mediating the initial and sustained phases of the All-induced cellular response. Initial phase All-elicited hydrolysis of PIP2 induces a transient rise in cytosolic calcium (via IP3), a transient activation of calcium-, calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, a transient increase in the phosphorylation of early-phase phosphoproteins (Pra-P), and a transient cellular response. Sustained response All-elicited hydrolysis of phosphoinositides generates a sustained increase in the diacylglycerol (DG) content of the plasma membrane. In conjunction with a sustained increase in plasma membrane calcium cycling, DG induces the sustained activation of protein kinase C (CK), the sustained increase in the phosphorylation of late-phase phosphoproteins (P -P) and the sustained cellular response.

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