Amnesia retrograde

Retrograde amnesia and post-learning consolidation occur in the hippocampus 867... 

Retrograde amnesia and post-learning consolidation occur in the hippocampus. Researchers have sought to understand the biological mechanisms underlying the formation of long-term memory since Muller and... 

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Sobin C, Sackeim HA, Prudic J, et al Predictors of retrograde amnesia following ECT. Am J Psychiatry 152 995-1001, 1995 Sogaard U, Michalow J, Butler B, et al A tolerance study of single and multiple dosing of the selective dopamine uptake inhibitor GBR 12909 in healthy subjects. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 5 237-251, 1990... 

Adverse effects include local effects like redness and phlebitis, apnoea (usually seen on IV administration). Rarely nausea, vomiting, headache, drowsiness, hiccups and retrograde amnesia may occur. 

Memory disturbances typically include anterograde amnesia (i.e., the inability to recall newly learned material) and retrograde amnesia (i.e., the inability to recall previously learned material). Both types can present as deficits in either the dominant or nondominant cerebral hemispheres (i.e., verbal and nonverbal anterograde and retrograde amnesia). Some patients also complain of loss of autobiographical memories. It is often difficult, however, to sort out the relative contributions to memory disturbances from the induced seizures, the anesthesia, or the depressive illness itself. 

The retrograde amnesia is temporally graded, in that as one goes back in time from the initiation of a course of treatments, the memory disturbance diminishes, and beyond 2 years, few or no deficits are evident. As an individual s memory recovers, the ability to recall events returns in the reverse fashion, with those memories closest to the initiation of ECT returning last. Some recall for isolated incidents shortly before or during the course of ECT may be lost permanently, because they were probably never properly stored. This can also be a complication of anesthesia. 

Between 1996 and 2001, the U.S. Dmg Enforcement Administration (DEA) received reports of at least 15 sexual assault cases believed to involve GHB. Prosecuting rape cases that may involve GHB are particularly difficult because the drug causes memory loss in the victim, an effect called retrograde amnesia. GHB also moves so quickly through the body that it often is not detectable in blood or urine tests by the time the person arrives at a hospital. 

Use of GHB can impair judgment and cause shortterm (retrograde) amnesia, increasing the possibility for risky behavior and sexual assault. It also impairs ability to drive, increasing the risk for a car accident. If use is long term, the abuser risks unknown health consequences and, if use is discontinued, the abuser is subject to potential withdrawal illness. 

Amnesia eyes. Loss of memory, inability to recall past experience. Anterograde amnesia refers to an inability to recall events after a drug (e.g. a benzodiazepine) or ECT. Retrograde amnesia refers to the loss of memory occurring prior to the incident that causes amnesia. 

Contraindications Highly toxic. Side effects include dryness and soreness of mucous membranes, blurred vision, urinary retention, severe hallucinations, retrograde amnesia lasting several hours to several days. Not recommended without expert supervision. Possible brain damage from large amounts. 

Arylgermatranes were more active than hetaryl derivatives in memory improvement tests (Table 11). Phenylgermatrane, p-tolylgermatrane, p-fluorophenylethynylgermatrane, benzylgermatrane and o- and p-bromobenzylgermatranes completely prevented animals from retrogradal amnesia caused by electric shock. 

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