C16 saturated fatty acid

Nonideal miscibility - in ideal mixtures, the components do not interact with each other, thus the properties of the mixture depend linearly on the corresponding property of each component, and on the composition of the mixture. However, in practice, two-component lipid mixtures behave nonideally, and this gives rise to anomalies. For example the phosphatidylcholines dimyristoyl PC (DMPC, C14 saturated fatty acids), dipalmitoyl PC (DPPC, C16 saturated fatty acids) and distearoyl PC (DSPC, Cl 8 saturated fatty acids) have their main... 

Lecithin is a phosphoglyceride (phosphatide) natural product isolated commercially from soybean oil and, in much lower quantity, from egg yolks. The terminology is somewhat confused for historical reasons (7). While the term lecithin is sometimes used synonymously with a-phosphatidyl choline, it more correctly denotes a crude mixture also containing P-phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl esters of other compounds, chiefly ethanolamine, inositol, and serine. (While phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethano-lamine are amphoteric, phosphatidyl inositol and phosphatidyl serine are anionic.) For soybean lecithin, R and R represent C16 saturated fatty acid and Cjg saturated and unsaturated... 

Most of the technically produced a-sulfo fatty esters are prepared from unbranched saturated fatty acid esters that are derived from 8 22 carboxylic acids and Cj-C3 alcohols. In particular the C12 (lauric), C14 (myristic), C16 (palmitic), and C18 (stearic) acids are interesting because the ester sulfonates... 

Hexadecanoic Palmitic C16 0 Most common saturated fatty acid in plants and animals... 

The vegetable oil used was rapeseed oil (Nacalai Tesque Kyoto, Japan) without further treatment. The fatty acid content of the rapeseed oil mainly consisted of unsaturated fatty acids (93 wt%), with the saturated fatty acids of palmitic and stearic acids accounting for only a small amount (7 wt%). Various fatty acids of oleic (C181), linoleic (C18 2), linolenic (C18 3), and palmitic (C16 0) acids as well as their methyl esters were purchased from Nacalai Tesque. Anhydrous methanol and distilled water were also supplied by the same company. 

Fig. 1. Structures of (a) a saturated fatty acid (palmitate, C16 0) (b) a mono-unsaturated fatty acid with the double bond in the cis configuration (palmitoleate, C16 1) (c) a mono-unsaturated fatty acid with the double bond in the trans configuration (C18 1) and (d) a polyunsaturated fatty acid (linoleate, C18 2).

FABPs have been implicated in transmembrane and intracellular transport of fatty acids (Veerkamp et al., 1991 Storch and Thumser, 2000). These are a group of tissue-specific proteins of about 14-15 kDa that bind long-chain fatty acids (C16-C20) with high affinity and a molar stoichiometry of 1 1. Most bind unsaturated fatty acids with higher affinity than saturated fatty acids. In addition to transport functions it has been proposed that they modulate specific enzymes of lipid metabolism, regulate expression of fatty acid-responsive genes, maintain cellular membrane fatty acid levels, and reduce the concentration of fatty acids in the cell, thereby removing their inhibitory effect on metabolic processes. 

The separation of long-chain saturated fatty acids (C16-C18) from the corresponding unsaturated fatty acids by distillation is not practical because of the proximity of their boiling points. However, both the melting points and the solubility (in organic solvents) of these two types of fatty acids are vastly different.20 These properties are used to advantage for separating mixtures of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids into fractions that are rich in either saturated (stearin) or unsaturated (olein) components.19a,b... 

Saturated fatty acids were less abundant than their unsaturated counterparts in citrus seed oils and consisted mainly of palmitic (C16 0) and stearic (C18 0) acids... 

Table 7 shows the fatty acid composition of different citrus seed oils. The ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids is approximately 2 1 (9), although this ratio was reported to be in the range of 3-5 1 by Nagy (35). Generally, different varieties, cultivar, location, storage condition, and harvesting time of citrus fruit may lead to this variation. Table 8 shows the content of the six major fatty acids in different citrus seed oils these are linoleic (C18 2), palmitic (C16 0), oleic (C18 l), linolenic (C18 3), stearic (C18 0), and palmitoleic (C16 l) acids. 

In this study, vesicles made of a saturated phosphatidylcholines (open circles), that is, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), where Rj and R2 substituents are both C16 0 fatty acid chains (Scheme 6.1), were compared with (a) cis lipid vesi-... 

Fatty acids have predominantly even numbers of carbon atoms because they are effectively formed from acetyl (C2) units, which are derived from glucose in the presence of various enzymes, coenzymes and carrier proteins. An overall scheme for saturated fatty acid biosynthesis is presented in Fig. 2.13, in which it can be seen that the first step is the formation of acetyl coenzyme A (often abbreviated to acetyl-CoA). One molecule ofacetyl-CoA undergoes addition of CO, to form malonyl-CoA, while the acetyl group on another molecule is transferred to an enzyme (fatty acid synthase). The malonyl unit (C3) is added to the enzyme-bound acetyl unit, which produces a butyryl group following loss of C02, dehydration and reduction. Six further steps of combined malonyl addition, decarboxylation, dehydration and reduction occur to yield palmitate (C16). Higher acids are built from palmitate in a similar... 

A9-desaturase is generally considered as a lipogenic enzyme. It catalyses the introduction of a A9 double bound on the acyl-chain of saturated fatty acids such as palmitic acid, which can be produced by FAS. The hepatic A9-desatur-ase is well-known (Heinemann and Ozols, 2003) since it has been purified more than 30 years ago (Strittmatter et al., 1974). This A9-desaturase acts on both palmitic acid (C16 0) and stearic acid (C18 0) to produce pamitoleic acid (C16 ln-7) and oleic acid (C18 ln-9) respectively (Fig. 1.1). Under normal dietary conditions. Cl6 1 n-7 and C18 ln-9 are the main fatty acids of the n-7 and n-9 families in animals. 

Beilstein Handbook Reference) AI3-01594 BRN 0607489 C16 fatty acid Cetylio acid EINECS 200-312-9 Emersol 140 Emersol 143 FEMA No. 2832 Hexadecanoic acid n-Hexadecanoic acid n-Hexadecoic acid Hexadeoylic acid HSDB 5001 Hydrofoil Hystrene 8016 Hystrene 9016 Industrene 4516 NSC 5030 Palmitate Palmitic acid Penladecanecarboxylic acid 1-Pentadecanecarboxylic acid. A saturated fatty acid, used in the manufacture of metallic palmitates, soaps, lube oils, waterproofing, food-grade additives. A detergent intermediate opacifier in cosmetics, soaps, emulsifiers, chemical specialties. White scales mp = 63-64° bpi5 = 215° 0.853 r = 1.4273 insoluble in H2O,... 

Fatty acids are usually straight aliphatic chains with a methyl group at one end (called the co-carbon) and a carboxyl group at the other end (Fig. 5.18). Most fatty acids in the human have an even number of carbon atoms, usually between 16 and 20. Saturated fatty acids have single bonds between the carbons in the chain, and unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds. The most common saturated fatty acids present in the cell are palmitic acid (C16) and stearic acid (C18). Although these two fatty acids are generally called by their common names, shorter fatty acids are often called by the Latin word for the number of carbons, such as octanoic acid (8 carbons) and decanoic acid (10 carbons). 

Crude pahn kernel oil (CPKO) which is derived from the kernel of the oil palm fruit consists of large amounts of saturated fatty acids such as lauric acid (C12 0) [ 48 %], myristic acid (C14 0) [ 16 %], and palmitic acid (C16 0) [ 8 %] (Loo et al. 2005). However, the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic (C18 2) [ 2 %] is very low. It contrast, palm oil products derived from mesocarp such as crude palm oil (CPO) and palm olein (PO) are mainly composed of C16 0 and contain more unsaturated fatty adds such as oleic acid (C18 l), (C18 2) and trace quantities of Hnolenic add (C18 3) (Loo et al. 2005). Compared to palm oil products, soybean oil is rich in unsaturated fatty adds with C18 2 (54 %), C18 l (22 %), and C18 3 (8 %) as the major constituents while 10 % of the distributions are contributed from saturated fatty adds (Kahar et al. 2004 Loo et al. 2005). Nevertheless, soybean oil has proven to be a good carbon source for high cell density cultures. Since, CPKO contains lesser unsatuiated fatty adds, it conld become potential carbon feedstock for high cell density PHA prodnction. 

Palm oil contains 6-10 % of tri-saturated fatty acids (SSS), especially tripalmitoil glycerol (PPP). Saturated fraction corresponds to 1-5 % of lauric and myristic acid and 17-23 % to palmitic acid (C16 0) in sn-2 position, while the myristic (C14 0) and the stearic (C18 0) in 1 and 3 position [23]. The unsaturated fraction represents 44-50 % of di-unsaturated fatty acids (SSU or SUS) dipalmitoyl oleoyl glycerol (POP) and dipalmitoyl linoleoyl glycerol (PLP) 38-42 % diunsaturated (SUU or USU) POO and PLO, palmitoyl dioleoyl glycerol and... 

Lard contains about 28.4 % palmitic acid (C16 0), 21 6 % stearic acid (C18 0), 31.4 % oleic acid (C18 1) 11.1 % linoleic acid (C18 2). It is imique among animal depot fats, because it has a strong predominance of saturated fatty acids in the sn-1 position [52]. In lard. Cl6 0 is located exclusively at the sn-2 position, with an imsaturated fatty acid at sn-3 but the fatty acid occupying the sn-l position is highly variable, as in SPO, OPL and OPO TAGs (species dominants in lard) [56]. 

---