Business level

Whilst the decision to pursue ISO/TS 16949 registration will be an executive decision, the attention it is given at each level in the organization will have a bearing on the degree of success attained. There are three primary organization levels the enterprise level, the business level, and the operations level. Between each level there are barriers. 

At the enterprise level, the executive management responds to the voice of ownership and is primarily concerned with profit, return on capital employed, market share, etc. At the business level, the managers are concerned with products and services and hence respond to the voice of the customer. At the operational level, the middle managers, supervisors, operators, etc. focus on processes that produce products and services and hence respond to the voice of the processes carried out within their own function. 

The typical focus for a quality system is at the operations level. ISO 9000 is seen as an initiative for work process improvement. The documentation is often developed at the work process level and focused on functions. Much of the effort is focused on the processes within the functions rather than across the functions and only involves the business level at the customer interface, as illustrated in Table 2-1. 

One is that there may be significant replication of information between the components in a distributed system, for both performance and reliability reasons. A component generally works with others (including people) to support a particular business-level action (or use case), an object generally represents a business concept. These two process-biased and object-biased views give rise to separate tiers in many designs. 

An invariant captures a consistency rule about a required relationship between attributes. For example, at the business level, an instructor should never be assigned to a course unless qualified. For a given implementation, this means that certain combinations of stored data should never occur. An invariant representing a business rule, such as assign-Qualified, could look a lot more complex when expressed against an optimized implementation. For example, to efficiently find replacement instructors as availability changes, the... 

At the business level, it takes a sequence of interactions between client and seminar company, including enquire, schedule, deliver, follow-up, and pay, to together constitute an abstract purchaseCourse action. This sequence has a net effect on both client and seminar company not only has the seminar company delivered a service and gained some revenue, but also the client has paid some fees and gained knowledge. In software, it may take a sequence of low-level operations via the user interfaces (UIs) of multiple applications and databases to complete a scheduleCourse operation. Such a joint action, also called a use case, is the subject of Chapter 4. 

Typically, an interaction diagram shows only two or three levels of expanded interactions, with a specification of the actions whose implementation has not been expanded presenting too many levels on one drawing can get confusing. Interaction diagrams can also be used at the business level (Section 2.7) and at the level of code (Section 3.3.1). 

We can zoom into, or refine, the action to see more detail. What was one action is now seen to be composed of several actions (see Figure 6.8). Each of these actions can be split again into smaller ones, into as much detail as you like. Some of the actions might be performed by software others might be performed by some mixture of software, hardware, and people still others might be the interactions between those things. At any level—deep inside the software or at the overall business level—we can treat them the same way. Catalysis is a fractal method It works in the same way at any scale. 

The purpose of packages is to make explicit the dependencies between different areas of the development work. A variety of patterns can be apphed to help separate concerns, including vertical separation of different views, horizontal separation of different architectural and business levels, and code separations of interfaces from implementations. 

At a business level, a Warehouse component might publish an event outOf-Stock(Product) specified as... 

As always, there are many benefits to the act of formalizing your understanding of the situation in a well-defined notation, even at the business level.1... 

Determine a consistent level of abstraction in relation to actions Are you going to worry about individual keystrokes or talk only about broad transactions The highest-level action that could be useful should accomplish a business task or objective or should abstract a group of such actions. The lowest-level action that could be useful should constitute an indivisible interaction if the interaction fails to complete successfully or otherwise is aborted, there should be no effect that would be useful at the business level. 

The factory level or business level handled by the business system of the computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) or, even broader, the enterprise resource management system... 

Time performance is becoming particularly critical in ETL tools that typically deal with large volumes of data. Recent ETL benchmarks [Simitsis et al. 2009] consider it as one of the major factors of every ETL tool evaluation. Other similar factors that are also mentioned in ETL benchmarks are the workflow execution throughput, the average latency per tuple, and the workflow execution throughput under failures. The notion of time performance in ETL tools extends beyond the end of the ETL workflow construction by considering, apart from the data translation time, the time required to answer business-level queries on the transformed data. 

Analyze the company s relationships to the various world markets, considering both the current and potential business level. 

Three kinds of decisions should be made for any manufacturing company (1) what kinds of products to make, (2) what resources will be needed to make the products, and (3) how to control the manufacturing systems. These decisions cannot be made separately. If the company wishes to make a decision at a certain level, such as at the business level, it should also get access to the information at other levels. In the whole process of decision making, the core concept is integration. This is the fundamental requirement for the research and development of computer integrated manufacturing. 

In their article, Hamel and Prahalad point to the important role of partnerships in nurturing core competencies. They believe partnerships are a relatively inexpensive way to advance a competency. They also decry the tendency of many companies to organize around SBUs (strategic business units) at the business level. SBU measures are immediate, the profits generated from the sale of end products. SBU attention is directed at these end products, or the leaves of the tree. Unfortunately, no single SBU is the custodian of core competencies or core products. The roots or competencies, which should be nurtured across SBU boundaries, can wither for lack of attention. 

Interoperability at business level is the organizational and operational ability of an enterprise to factually cooperate with other external organizations ... 

One must start with the business level objectives. 

What is the company (organization, individual) trying to accompHsh by installing this network Without a clear understanding of business level objectives, it is nearly impossible to configure and implement a successful network. 

Once business level objectives are understood, one must understand the applications which will be running on the computer systems attached to these networks. After aU, it is the appHcations that will be generating the traffic that will travel over the implemented network. 

The S88.01 use a multilayer hierarchical model to describe the enterprise. Lower level groupings are combined to form higher levels in the hierarchy. The model has seven levels. At the top there are the three business levels, an enterprise, and a site and area levels, which are outside the scope of the s88.01 standard. The lower four levels are the process cells, units, and equipment modules and control modules. They constitute the physical models that are described below (Fig. 1). 

Business level the business manager determines the business requirements, e.g., which products shall be produced at what level of volume, which production process capabilities will be needed ... 

Business level - Identification and availability of assembly teehnologies/expertise in-house, integration into business practices/strategy, geographieal loeation and future competitive issues, such as investment in equipment. 

There are two aspects to making arrays available. First, by oursdves, astronomers do not provide the business level required for a stable manufacturing base for large format near infrared arrays. However, a commercial market is developing for similar devices. We must help expand this market through the publicity for arrays that can be generated by astronomical discoveries. Secondly, there is a need for arrays of modest cost that can be used by moderate-sized observatories and in a variety of instrumentation. Li other... 

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