Breastfeeding

Do not use these drugs if you are pregnant, considering becoming pregnant, or breastfeeding. 

The first injection is given during the first 5 days of a normal menstrual period and is administered no earlier than 4 weeks after delivery if not breastfeeding or 6 weeks if breastfeeding. Second and subsequent injections given monthly (28-30 days) after the previous injection, not to exceed 33 days. 

Long-term injectable contraceptive administered IM every 3 months. The injection is given only during the first 5 days after the onset of a normal menstrual period, within 5 days postpartum if not breastfeeding, or at 6 weeks postpartum. 

When administering oxytocin intranasally to facilitate the letdown of milk, the nurse places the patient in an upright position, and with the squeeze bottle held upright, administers the prescribed number of sprays to one or both nostrils. The patient then waits 2 to 3 minutes before breastfeeding the infant or pumping the breasts. If a breast pump is being used, the nurse records the amount of milk pumped from the breasts. 

The nurse notifies the primary health care provider if milk drips from the breast before or after breastfeeding or if milk drips from the opposite breast during breastfeeding because there would be no need to continue drug therapy. The primary health care provider is notified if nasal irritation, palpations, or uterine cramping occurs. 

Wright, L.E. and Schwarcz, HP. 1998 Stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in human tooth enamel identifying breastfeeding and weaning in prehistory. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 106 1-18. 

Pitt, R.M., McKelvey, T.G., Saenger, J.S., Shah, A.K., Jones, H.P., Manci, E.A. and Powell, R.W. (1991). A tungsten-supplemented diet delivered by transplacental and breastfeeding routes lowers intestinal xanthine oxidase activity and affords cytoprotection in ischaemia-reperfusion injury to the small intestine. J. Paediatr. Suig. 26, 930-935. 

Laxatives may provide appropriate relief when constipation occurs during the postpartum period, when not breastfeeding and in immobile patients. Patients who are not constipated but who need to avoid straining (e.g., patients with hemorrhoids, hernia, or myocardial infarction) may benefit from stool softeners or mild laxatives. 

Breastfeeding women 6 months postpartum History of pelvic surgery... 

Lactation is a basic period in mammalian reproduction, and the breast, its function, and pathology have a very important place in medicine and society. In developed countries breast cancer is the most important issue, far more important than nonlactational galactorrhea it is frequently related to infertility or unsuccessful breastfeeding and is a major health concern among women. 

PCDD/PCDFs accumulate in human adipose tissue, and the level reflects the history of intake by the individual. Several factors have been shown to affect adipose tissue concentrations/body burdens, notably age, the number of children and period of breastfeeding, and dietary habits. Breast-milk represents the most useful matrix for evaluating time trends of dioxins and many other POPs. Several factors affect the PCDD/PCDFs content of human breast-milk, most notably the mothers age, the duration of breast-feeding and the fat content of the milk. Studies should therefore ideally... 

The Human Breast as a Scent Organ Exocrine structures, Secretions, Volatile Components, and Possible Functions in Breastfeeding Interactions... 

Fig. 31.1 An areolar gland giving off a drop of milk-like secretion during breastfeeding (Photograph S Doucet)... 

In the same way as volatiles from the whole breast, odorants carried in human colostrum/milk are arousing and attractive to newborns (Mizuno, Mizuno, Shino-hara and Noda 2004 Marlier and Schaal 2005). Interestingly, neonatal responsiveness to these milk cues does not seem to depend on breastfeeding experience as term-born infants exclusively fed formula (Marlier and Schaal 2005), and premature infants (Bingham et al. 2003), react to them in the same way as regularly breast-fed infants. 

Doucet, S., Soussignan, R., Sagot, P., and Schaal, B. (2007c). The areolar glands in postpartuiient women and their links with breastfeeding, lactation onset and early infant growth. Unpublished manuscript. 

Edmond, K.M., Zandoh, C., Quigley, M.A., Amenga-Etego, S., Owusu-Agyei, S. and Kirkwood, B.R. (2006). Delayed breastfeeding initiation increases risk of neonatal mortality. Pediatrics 117, e380-386. 

Nyqvist, K.H., Sjoden, P.-O. and Ewald, U. (1999) The development of preterm infants breastfeeding behavior. Early Human Dev. 55, 247-264. 

Fuller, B.T., Molleson, T.L, Harris, D.A., Gilmour, L.T. and Hedges, R.E.M. (2006a). Isotopic evidence for breastfeeding and possible adult dietary differences from Late/Sub-Roman Britain. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 129 45-54. 

Human milk is rich in essential fatty acids of both the omega-3 and omega-6 families. This suggests that the activity of the A -desaturase may be too low in the infant to provide a sufficient amount of these fatty acids for development of tissues, particularly the brain and retina. It has been shown that development of visual acuity in infants is dependent upon the presence of docosahexaenoic acid in mother s milk. Hence, it is recommended that breastfeeding should be carried out for as long as 12 months after birth. These fatty acids are now added to commercial infant feeds (Chapter 15, Table 15.8). 

---