Tooth human

For many years, there has been concern by medical professionals and nutritionists over the effects of dietary sugar on human health. Sucrose has been imphcated as a cause of juvenile hyperactivity, tooth decay, diabetes meUitus, obesity, atherosclerosis, hypoglycemia, and nutrient deficiencies. 

The addition of therapeutic or cosmetic agents to dentifrices has paralleled advances in knowledge about factors affecting the human dentition. Agents added to dentifrices can act directly on the host tooth stmcture or on specific oral accumulations, for example, the principal action of fluoride is on the tooth enamel. The primary action of an abrasive, however, is on an accumulated stained pellicle. Oral accumulations of interest to preventive dentistry are dental pellicles, dental plaque, dental calculus (tartar), microbial populations responsible for oral malodor, and oral debris (food residues, leukocytes, etc). Plaque is most important because of its potential to do harm. 

Saunders, S.R., DeVito, C, Herring, D.A., Southern, R. and Hoppa, R.D. 1993 Accuracy tests of tooth formation age estimations for human skeletal remains. American Journal of Physical... 

The 8 C values of the Preclassic humans at Cuello (Table 2.1) average -12.9 0.9%o (n = 28) in collagen, -9.8 1.0 in bone apatite (n = 16), and -8.7 2.3%o in tooth enamel apatite (n = 33) the S N values in collagen average 8.9 1.0%o (n = 23). The discrepancy in the number of specimens is due to the fact that more teeth were available than post-cranial material, while some of the specimens contained insufficient collagen to measure the nitrogen isotope ratios. Additional bone apatite analyses are in progress. 

Tykot, R.H., van der Merwe, N.J. and Hammond, N. 1996 Stable isotope analysis of bone collagen, bone apatite, and tooth enamel in the reconstruction of human diet. A case study from Cuello, Belize. In Orna, M.V., ed., Archaeological Chemistry Organic, Inorganic, and Biochemical Analysis. ACS Symposium Series 625, Washington, DC, American Chemical Society 355-365. 

Wright, L.E. and Schwarcz, HP. 1998 Stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in human tooth enamel identifying breastfeeding and weaning in prehistory. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 106 1-18. 

Cerling, T., Harris, J.M., Ambrose, S.H., Leakey, M.G. and Solounias, N. 1998 Dietary and environmental reconstruction with stable isotope analyses of herbivore tooth enamel from the Miocene locality of Fort Tsmaa. Journal of Human Evolution 33 635-650. 

Figure 6.3. 5 "0 in surface water (data from Gat 1980) compared with that in biogenic phosphates of various mammals from many world regions (data shown in squares are from conventional phosphate analyses Longinelli 1984 Luz et al. 1984 Ayliffe and Chivas 1990 D Angela and Longinelli 1990 Yoshida and Miyazaki 1991 Huertas et al. 1995). For comparison, plotted as filled circles, are 8 0 values for tooth enamel analyzed by laser fluorination (six humans, one shark, and one wolf Kohn et al. 1996). 

Bone and tooth enamel from modem animals were collected in 1984 and 1993 from skeletons exposed on the surface in Sibiloi National Park, located on the east shore of Lake Turkana in northern Kenya. In addition to its interest as the site of numerous fossil hominid discoveries, the Turkana area provides an ideal controlled situation for the present study. The park is a circumscribed area surrounded by human pastoral groups and the nondomestic fauna remain to a great extent within its confines. Water sources are limited to the lake, ephemeral streams, a limited number of waterholes, and the plants eaten by the animals. The streams last on the order of days and in dry years do not flow at all. The non-domestic animals from which the bone and enamel were collected likely obtained most of their drinking water from the lake itself Domestic animals entered the park in 1984 during a severe drought. Their drinking water sources may have varied widely. 

Fricke, H.C., O Neil, J.R. and Lynnerup, N. 1995 Oxygen isotope composition of human tooth enamel from medieval Greenland linking climate and society. Geology 23 869-872. 

For centuries, there have been many records in China relating to the health benefits of drinking tea. People have believed that tea can stimulate thought processes and mental alertness increase blood flow clear the urine and facilitate its flow prevent tooth decay increase the body s power of resistance to a wide range of diseases and prolong life expectancy. However, these claims were primarily anecdotal. It is only in the last few decades that the health benefits of tea are beginning to be demonstrated from a scientific perspective. Numerous recent reports on tea and human health have been examined and this chapter gives a brief review of certain aspects of current research. 

Beech, D. R. (1972). A spectroscopic study of the interaction between human tooth enamel and polyacrylic acid (polycarboxylate cement). Archives of Oral Biology, 17, 907-11. 

Qvist, V. (1975). Pulp reactions in human teeth to tooth coloured filling materials. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research, 83, 54-66. 

Yamano, C. (1968). Effect of NaF-phosphate cement on enamel of human tooth. Journal of the Osaka University Dental School, 13, 123-37. 

Oelschlaeger H.A. (1989). Development of the N. terminalis in mammals, including toothed whales and humans. Ann NY Acad Sci 519, 447-464. 

The supposed human remains were accompanied by flint implements and animal teeth, all of which apparently supported the early date attributed to the find. The flint implements were of a reddish color, matching that of local flints, but spectrographic analysis revealed that they had been artificially stained with chromium and iron salts below the layer of stain there was a white crust, whereas local flints were brown throughout. The animal teeth also seemed to have been "planted" at the burial site so as to suggest an early date the red-brown color of the teeth had also been artificially stained chromium and iron had been found when they were analyzed. A hippopotamus tooth, previously supposed to be contemporary with the tool carved from the elephant s tusk, was also stained with chromium and iron salts and contained little fluorine. 

Young, R.A. and Mackie P.E.(1980) Crystallography of human tooth enamel — initial structure refinement. Materials Research Bulletin, 15, 17—29. 

CCP in milk is mentioned in connection with casein above (Section VI.C). Fluorapatite is a major constituent of phosphate rocks, and a constituent, probably important, of human tooth enamel for those whose drinking water contains significant amounts of naturally occurring or added fluoride. Fluorapatite is significantly less soluble than hydroxyapatite - the relationship between the solubilities of fluorapatite and hydroxyapatite parallels (but is much less extreme than) that between calcium fluoride (Ksp — 3.9 x 10 11 mol3 dm-9) and calcium hydroxide (Ksp = 7.9 x 10 6 mol3 dm 9). Calcium diphosphate, Ca2P207, is believed to be the least soluble of the calcium phosphates. 

The importance of P0 in PNS myelin has been clearly demonstrated. In P0 gene knockout experiments in mice [40], severe hypomyelination and a virtual absence of compact myelin in the PNS is observed. In humans, there are two disease states associated with mutations in the P0 gene Charcot-Marie-Tooth type I disease (see Ch. 38) and Dejerine-Sottas disease, both dysmyelinating diseases that exhibit a spectrum of severity depending on the particular mutation. 

Electric toothbrushes are commonly used in tougher environments than many other consumer household items. In the bathroom, they may be dropped several feet, they are exposed to human saliva (acidic) and various tooth pastes (generally alkaline), they have to withstand hot and cold water and are expected to survive for many years. 

F excess Baltic Sea States, Belarus, Moldova, Central Yakutia, Kazakstan Excessive content of F in natural waters, > 1.0-1.5 ppm. Low content of F in soil and plants Tooth enamel dystrophy. Fluorosis and spotted teeth of human and animals... 

F deficit Biogeochemical provinces in different regions of biosphere Content of F in natural waters < 0.5-0.7 ppm Reducing content of F in tooth enamel. Endemic tooth carious in humans and animals... 

Research into samples of Mesolithic date, particularly those in Scandinavia, reveals the same preponderance of birch bark tar. Tar may not have only been used in hafting (Aveling and Heron, 1998) as some isolated lumps display clear evidence of human tooth impressions [see Aveling and Heron (1999), for consideration of the reasons]. Nine lumps of tar with human tooth impressions have been found at the Neolithic lake dwelling at Hornstaad-Hornle I, in southern Germany (Rottlander, 1981 Schlichtherle and Wahlster, 1986 92) and others are known from Mesolithic bog sites in Scandinavia (Larsson, 1983 75-76). It is plausible that birch bark tar served as a mild stimulant. A more prosaic interpretation is that chewing the tar rendered it more ductile for use. 

Ambrose, S.H. (1990). Preparation and characterization of bone and tooth collagen for isotopic analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science 17 431 451. Ambrose, S.H. (1993). Isotopic analysis of paleodiets methodological and interpretative considerations. In Investigations of Ancient Human Tissue Chemical Analysis in Anthropology, ed. Sandford, M.K., Gordon and Breach, Langhorne, pp. 59-130. 

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