Scent organ

Scully, W.M.R. Fenton, M.B and Saleuddin, A.S.M. (2000) A histological examination of the holding sacs and glandular scent organs of some bat species (Emballonuridae, Hipposideridae, Phyllostomidae, Vespertilionidae andMolossidae). Can. J. Zool. 78(4), 613-623. 

Voigt, C.C., Caspers, B. and Speck, S. (2005) Bats, bacteria, and bat smell Sex-specific diversity of microbes in a sexually selected scent organ. J. Mammal. 86, 745-749... 

Schaal, B., Doucet, S., Sagot, P.,Herding, E. and Soussignan, R. (2006) Human breast areolae as scent organs morphological data and possible involvement in maternal-neonatal coadaptation. Dev. Psychobiol. 48, 100-110. 

The Human Breast as a Scent Organ Exocrine structures, Secretions, Volatile Components, and Possible Functions in Breastfeeding Interactions... 

Birch, M. C. (1969). Scent Organs in Male Lepidoptera. D.Phil. Thesis. Oxford University, Oxford. 

Boppre, M. and Schneider, D. (1985). Pyrrolizidine alkaloids quantitatively regulate both scent organ morphogenesis and pheromone biosynthesis in male Creatonotos moths (Lepidoptera Arctiidae). Journal of Comparative Physiology A 157 569-577. 

Boppre M., Petty R. L., Schneider D. and Meinwald J. (1978) Behaviorally mediated contacts between scent organs Another prerequisite for pheromone production in Danaus chrysippus males. J. Comp. Physiol. 126, 97-103. 

Schneider D., Boppre M., Zweig J., Horsley S. B., Bell T. W., Meinwald J., Hansen K. and Diehl E. W. (1982) Scent organ development in Creatonotus moths regulation by pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Science 215, 1264—1265. 

Signals given unintentionally by prey or a parasite host, which attract the praying or parasitizing animal, are important. A good example is COz released by humans, which attracts mosquitoes. The mosquito repellent blocks the receptors in the scent organ of mosquitoes. 

The major volatile component of the scent organ in male moths of... 

The occurrence of pyrrolizidine derivatives in the Lepidoptera is not confined to butterflies, but has also been observed in the tiger moth, where their function may be similar to that established in one species of butterfly. Male tiger moths (fam. Arctiidae) possess scent organs in the form of inflatable coremata which have a pheromone-distributing function. Some of these species are known to use plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids, e.g. Heliotropium europaeum and Echium... 

The edulans and dihydroedulans were first identified in passionfruit (Whitfield and Stanley, 1977 Prestwich et al., 1976). Subsequently, edulans were seen in human urine (Mills and Walker, 2001), while dihydroedulans have also been found in male scent organs of African butterflies (Schulz et al., 1993). The theaspiranes have been identified in green and black tea, as well as in a number of finits and berries (Schmidt et al., 1992). Later, a theaspirane was observed by SPME/GC-MS in urine from a female Asian elephant (Rasmussen, 2001). Recently, a dihydroedulan and a theaspirane were reported from giant panda urine (Dehnhard et al., 2003). 

Schulz, S., Boppr6, M., and Vane-Wright, R. L, 1993, Specific mixtures of secretions from male scent organs of African milkweed butterflies (Danainae), PAi/. Tram. R. Soc. fond. B 342 161-181. 

In ancient times, the usual method for obtaining fragrant ointments and oils was maceration (Latin macere - to soak), whereby the plants, or the relevant parts of plants, were treated with heated oils and fats. The scented (organic) compounds were thereby extracted into the oil or fat (Fig. 3.9). 

Because a test of the first hypothesis required relative weights of the scent organs, rank tests were used to analyse the data. Kendall rank correlation coefficients were obtained using the SAS (1982) program. In at least one species (M. montanus Jannett, 1978b), all three scent glands are responsive to testosterone, so partial rank correlation coefficients were obtained wherein weight of the testes, presumably the primary source... 

The consequences of scent organs evolving by sexual selection with respect to chemical communication theory, are that such structures may evolve rapidly (c.f., Fisher, 1930). I suggest there may be considerable redundancy in the messages redundancy is a general phenonenon in animal communication (Markl, 1985), and its evolution and significance are poorly understood. 

Larvae of the arctiid moth Creatonotos transiens accumulate pyrrolizidine alkaloids when they feed on plants containing these compounds. Other types of alkaloids tested were excreted in the frass (Wink and Schneider, 1988). Pyrrolizidine alkaloids act as precursors for pheromones, but also as morphogens for the development of the male scent organ (Wink and Schneider, 1988). 

Schneider, D., M. Boppre, J. Zweig, S.B. Horsley, T.W. Bell, J. Meinwald, K. Hansen, and E.W. Diehl Scent Organ Development in Creatonotos Moths Regulation by Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids. Science 215, 1264-1265 (1982). 

Most pheromones are synthesized de novo in the animal body. Some, however, are taken up from plant sources and are used directly or in a modified form (cf. the pyrrolizidines secreted as sex pheromones from male Danaid butterflies and myrcene used as sex pheromone of Dehdroctonus brevicomis Table 66). In Creatonotos moths, pyrrolizidine alkaloids ingested by the larvae with the diet, in addition to their action as pheromone precursors, show hormone-like activity and control the morphogenesis of the scent organs. 

Boppr6, M., R. L. Petty, D. Schneider, and J. Meinwald Behaviorally Mediated Contacts Between Scent Organs Another Prerequisite for Pheromone Production in Danaus chrysippus Males (Lepidoptera). J. Comp. Physiol., Sect. A 126, 97 (1978). 

---