Brain proteins

Carney, J.M., Starke-Reed, P.E., Oliver, C.N., Landrum, R.W., Cheng, M.S. and Wu, J.F. (1991). Reversal of age-related increase in brain protein oxidation, decrease in enzyme activity, and loss in temporal and spatial memory by chronic administration of the spin-trapping compound N-tert-butyl-cr-phenylnitrone. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 88, 3633-3636. 

Oliver, C.N., Starke-Reed, P.E., Stadtman, E.R., Liu, G.J., Carney, J.M. and Floyd, R.A. (1990). Oxidative damage to brain proteins, loss of glutamine synthetase activity, and production of free radicals during ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury to gerbil brain. Proc. Natl Acad. Sd. USA 87, 5144-5147. 

Gauss, C., Kalkum, M., Lowe, M., Lehrach, H., and Klose, J. (1999). Analysis of the mouse proteome. (I) Brain proteins Separation by two-dimensional electrophoresis and identification by mass spectrometry and genetic variation. Electrophoresis 20, 575-600. 

Elovaara E, Tossavainen A, Savolainen H. 1978. Effects of subclinical hydrogen sulfide intoxication on mouse brain protein metabolism. Exp Neurol 62 93-98. 

Siddique MS, Eddeb F, Mantle D and Mendelow AD (2000). Extracts of Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng protect brain proteins from free radical induced oxidative damage in vitro. 

Araki N et al. Comparative analysis of brain proteins from p53-deficient mice by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2000 21 1880-1889. 

Johnston-Wilson NLet al. Disease-specific alterations in frontal cortex brain proteins in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder. The Stanley Neuropathology Consortium. Mol Psychiatry 2000 5 142-149. 

Methods for visualizing individual neurons and glia in vivo have depended for more than 100 years on histo-chemical reactions with cytoskeletal elements and even now these methods have not been surpassed. Because cytoskeletal structures play a particularly prominent role in the nervous system, cytoskeletal proteins represent a large fraction of total brain protein, comprising perhaps a third or more of the total. In fact, much of our knowledge about cytoskeletal biochemistry is based on studies of proteins purified from brain. The aims of this chapter are twofold first to provide an introduction to the cytoskeletal elements themselves and second to examine their role in neuronal function. Throughout, the emphasis will be on the cytoskeleton as a vital, dynamic component of the nervous system. 

Price, N. E. and Mumby, M. C. Brain protein serine/ threonine phosphatases. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 9 336-342, 1999. 

Distortion of the plasma aminogram in individuals with an aminoaciduria also may lead to a relative failure of brain protein synthesis. Thus, in mice with a deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase, the blood concentration of phenylalanine is more than 20 times greater than the control value, leading to partial saturation of the transport system and a diminution in the brain level of neutral amino acids other than phenylalanine. Rates of protein synthesis were concomitantly reduced [8]. 

In recent years the psychopharmacologist has paid increasing attention to the examination of brain proteins with which psychotropic drugs react, and also the molecular mechanisms that control the synthesis and cellular function of these proteins. For this reason, any understanding of psychopharmacology requires some knowledge of the basic techniques of molecular genetics. 

Prion—Abnormal form of a brain protein thought to be responsible for several different diseases in which brain tissue comes to look like a sponge. Prions may be passed from one individual to another by consumption or injection of infected brain tissue. 

Small JG, Klapper MH, Milstein V, et al Garbamazepine compared with lithium in the treatment of mania. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48 915-921, 1991 Smeyne RJ, Klein R, Schnapp A, et al Severe sensory and sympathetic neuropathies in mice carrying a disrupted Trk/NGF receptor gene. Nature 368 246-249, 1994 Smith GD, Garney JM, Starke-Reed PE Excess brain protein oxidation and enzyme dysfunction in normal aging and in Alzheimer s disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85 10540-10543, 1991... 

Due to the lack of suitable standard reference material for quantification purposes in phospho-proteomics and metallomics, reliable calibration strategies were developed for the direct microlocal analysis of phosphorus and metals in protein spots and in thin sections of brain tissue using LA-ICP-MS.16,17,116 For quantification of analytical data, the application of a solution based calibration strategy was proposed with LA-ICP-MS6 and the simultaneous determination of P, S, Si, Al, Cu and Zn concentrations in human brain proteins (Alzheimer s disease) or for imaging thin... 

It is estimated that the average daily intake is about 14 mg, but the increasing use of highly refined foods may lead to dangerously low consumption. Recent interestd f has been aroused by studies that show that much larger amounts of vitamin E (e.g., 100-400 mg/day) substantially reduce the risk of coronary disease and stroke in both womens and menh and also decrease oxidative modification of brain proteins.1 The decrease in heart attacks and stroke may be in part an indirect effect of the anticlotting... 

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