Bone tissue engineering testing

Hollow-fiber membrane bioreactors for bone tissue engineering testing (Ye et al., 2004,... 

Using a similar procedure, a composite material for tissue engineering applications composed of HA and carboxymethylchitosan was obtained by a coprecipitation method. In vitro tests exhibited a great potential of this class of materials for bone tissue-engineering applications.79... 

For specific applications [e.g., bone tissue engineering], BC-gelatin/PA doped with hydroxyapatite [HAp] were synthesized [BC-gelatin/PA/Hap]. The cell compatibility of BC-gelatin/PA/HAp was tested with mesenchymal stem cells [58]. The results indicated that the composite supported cell growth and proliferation, over 7 days of cultivation. Studies on the effectiveness of composites in vitro and in vivo behavior should be further explored. 

The feasibility of additive manufactured poly(caprolactone) (PCL) silanized tricalcium phosphate scaffolds coated with carbonated hydroxyapatite-gelatin composite for bone tissue engineering has been tested (4). In order to reinforce the scaffolds to match the mechanical properties of cancellous bone, tricalcium phosphate has been modified with y-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane and incorporated into PCL to synthesize a PCL/silanized tricalcium phosphate composite. y-GlycidoxypropyltrimethoxysUane is shown in Figure 3.1. 

Li et al. employed LbL self-assembly to construct multilayered films on top of nonwoven PCL fibers. The multilayered film consisted of gelatin and polystyrene salt. The top layer was further coated with calcium phosphate. The fabricated scaffold was tested for its potential in bone tissue engineering. Results indicated an enhanced cell proliferation for the LbL-assembled scaffolds (Li et al., 2008). Zhang et al. (2005) employed LbL fabrication technique to form multilayers consisting of type I collagen and hyaluronic acid and were able to generate fibrous multilayered structures that supported the attachment of chondrosarcoma cells. 

Worthwhile to stress is another inorganic component of bone water. With its 9 wt% of total bone mass, it is essential and crucial—and in bone-tissue engineering studies an often neglected component, because many studies include tests of... 

Carboxyme %1 chitosan/ PVA/HAp Cell culture test. Potential application in bone tissue engineering [177]... 

As well as being used as a scaffold for tissue engineering, Hutchens et al. [64] described the creation of a calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite, the main mineral component of bone. Calcium phosphate particles were precipitated in BC by consecutive incubation of calcium chloride and sodium phosphate solutions. Initial tests with osteoblasts in the in vitro evaluation showed that solid fusion between the material and the bone tissue is possible. Hence, this material is a good candidate for use as a therapeutic implant to regenerate bone and heal osseous damage. 

P(3HB-co-4HB) copolymers are known to be biocompatible material. The biocompatible nature of these copolymers allows it to be utilized for various medical applications. These PHA polymers have been tested in tissue engineering applications as surgical sutures, bone plates, implants, gauzes, osteosynthetic materials, and also as matrix material assisting slow release of drugs and hormones (Zinn et al. 2001 Williams and Martin 2002 Sudesh 2004 Chen and Wu 2005 Freier 2006). Recently, electrospun nanofibers of P(3HB-co-4HB) have been evaluated as scaffolds in vivo and in vitro (Ying et al. 2008). 

For example, PA self-assembly is hybridized with fibronectin epitope RGDS (cell adhesion molecule) and HA crystals that nucleate around the phosphoserine residues of PA under appropriate physiological conditions (referring to the biomineralization section in Chapter 4), forming 3-D biomimetic systems as a matrix to promote bone regeneration [15]. Efficacy of this tissue engineering scaffold was tested in an rat... 

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