Bone tissue engineering hydroxyapatite

The nanostructured surfaces resemble, at least to a certain degree, the architecture of physiological adhesion substrates, such as extracellular matrix, which is composed from nanoscale proteins, and in the case of bone, also hydroxyapatite and other inorganic nanocrystals [16,17,24-27]. From this point of view, carbon nanoparticles, such as fullerenes, nanotubes and nanodiamonds, may serve as important novel building blocks for creating artificial bioinspired nanostructured surfaces for bone tissue engineering. 

Ngiam M et al (2009) The fabrication of nano-hydroxyapatite on PLGA and PLGA/collagen nanofibrous composite scaffolds and their effects in osteoblastic behavior for bone tissue engineering. Bone 45(1) 4—16... 

S. Deville, E. Saiz, and A.P. Tomsia, Freeze Casting of Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials, 27, 5480-89 (2006). 

D. Silvain, S. Eduardo. P, T. Antoni, Freeze casting of hydroxyapatite Scaffolds for bone tissue engineering, Biomaterials., 27 5480-5489 (2006). 

Kong L, Gao Y, Lu G et al (2006) A study on the bioactivity of chitosan/nano-hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Eur Polym J 42 3171-3179... 

Venkatesan, J., Qian,Z.-J., Ryu, B., Ashok Kumar, N., and Kim, S.-K. (2011a). Preparation and characterization of carbon nanotube-grafted-chitosan— Natural hydroxyapatite composite for bone tissue engineering. Carbohydr. Polym. 83,569-577. 

Nukavarapu, S.R Kumbar, S.G. Brown, J.L. Krogman, N.R. Weikel, A.L. Hindenlang, M.D. Nair, L.S. Allcock, H.R. Laurencin, C.T. Polyphosphazene/nano-hydroxyapatite composite microsphere scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biomacromolecules 2008, 9 (7), 1818-1825. 

For specific applications [e.g., bone tissue engineering], BC-gelatin/PA doped with hydroxyapatite [HAp] were synthesized [BC-gelatin/PA/Hap]. The cell compatibility of BC-gelatin/PA/HAp was tested with mesenchymal stem cells [58]. The results indicated that the composite supported cell growth and proliferation, over 7 days of cultivation. Studies on the effectiveness of composites in vitro and in vivo behavior should be further explored. 

Narbat, M. K., Orang, F., Hashtjin, M. S., and Goudarzi, A. (2006). Fabrication of porous hydroxyapatite-gelatin composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering, Iran. Biomed.J., 10(4), 215-223. 

XPS is used to analyze the elemental composition of polymer surfaces. In this technique, the sample is irradiated with a high-energy monochromatic X-ray and the core level electrons ejected from the sample (called photoelectrons) are detected. The energy of the photoelectrons ejected from the sample depends on the elements present on the sample surface. PGA scaffolds are used in bone tissue engineering, and in order to improve the osteoconduction of the PGA scaffold, hydroxyapatite nanoparticles are coated on the polymer. XPS is a reliable method to verify the deposition of HA nanoparticles on PGA surface [37]. AES is more surface-sensitive than XPS. In this technique, a beam... 

J. liuytm, L. Yubao, X. Chengdong, Preparation and biological properties of a novel composite scaffold of nano-hydroxyapatite/ chitosan/carboxymethyl cellulose for bone tissue engineering, J. Biomed. Sci. 16 (2009) 65. 

R. Zhang, P.X. Ma, Poly(a-hydroxyl acids)/hydroxyapatite porous composites for bone-tissue engineering. I. Preparation and morphology, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 44 (1999) 446-455. 

Y. Zhang, J.R. Venugopal, A. El-Turki, S. Ramakrishna, B. Su, C.T. Lim, Electrospun biomimetic nanocomposite nanofibers of hydroxyapatite/chitosan for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials... 

A. Asefnejad, A. Behnamghader, M. Khorasani, B. Farsadzadeh, Polyurethane/fluor-hydroxyapatite nanocomposite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Part I morphological, physical, and mechanical characterization, Int. J. Nanomedicine 6 (2011) 93-100. 

Swetha, M., Sahithi, K., Moorthi, A. et al. (2010) Biocomposites containing natural polymers and hydroxyapatite for bone tissue engineering. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 47, 1-4. 

L.A. Cyster, D.M. Grant, S.M. Howdle, F.RA.J. Rose, D.J. Irvine, D. Freeman, CJV. Scotchford, K.M. Shakesheff, The influence of dispersant concentration on the pore morphology of hydroxyapatite ceramics for bone tissue engineering, Biomateiials, 26, 697-702 (2005). 

Zhou H, Lee J. Nanoscale hydroxyapatite particles for bone tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 2011 7 2769-81. 

Zhang HL, Chen ZQ. Fabrication and characterization of electrospun PLGA/MWNTs/ hydroxyapatite biocomposite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. J Bioact Compat Pol 2010 25 241-59. 

Ba Linh NT, Min YK, Lee BT (2013) Hybrid hydroxyapatite nanoparticles-loaded PCL/GE blend fibers for bone tissue engineering. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 24 520-538... 

Fig. 1.8 Chitosan/nano-hydroxyapatite scaffolds after freeze-dr5dng for bone tissue engineering. Reproduced from Ref. [75] Im et al.

Hydroxyapatite, Caio(P04)6(OH)2, is the main inorganic component found in hard human tissues such as bone and teeth and is the most extensively used bioceramic in bone tissue engineering. The other materials used for this purpose include alumina, zirconia, titania phosphates, and calcium phosphates [such as calcium tetraphosphate (Ca4P209) and tricalcium phosphate Ca3(P04)2] and derivatives [47, 48]. The chemical stmcture of HAp is presented in Fig. 5 [49]. 

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