Fabrication scaffolds

Sodian R, Loebe M, Hein A, Martin DP, Hoerstrup SP, Potapov EV, Hausmann H, Lueth T, and Hetzer R. Application of stereolithography for scaffold fabrication for tissue engineered heart valves. ASAIO, 2002, 48, 12-16. 

The authors described several other fabrication techniques, but their conclusions are the important parts of their report Conventional scaffold fabrication techniques are incapable of precisely controlling pore size, pore geometry, spatial distribution of pores and construction of internal channels within the scaffold. They also state that scaffolds produced by the solvent casting-particulate leaching technique cannot guarantee interconnection of pores because interconnection is dependent on whether the adjacent salt particles are in contact. Moreover, only thin scaffold cross sections can be produced due to difficulty in removing salt particles deep in the matrix. 

Mo XM, Weber HJ (2004) Electrospinning P(LLA-CL) nanoflber a tubular scaffold fabrication with circumferential aligtrment. Macromol Symp 217 413-416... 

Nof M, Shea LD. Drug-releasing scaffolds fabricated from drug-loaded microspheres. J Biomed Mater Res 2002 59 349-356. 

A bone regeneration by using tissue engineering approach is a quickly developing treatment in orthopedics. The main goal of the research in this field consists in elaboration of porous scaffolds for adding the process of a new bone formation. One of the potential material used for scaffold fabrication is composite materials consisting of polymeric matrix and ceramic fillers. 

The above mentioned scaffolds were made completely of the ceramic materials. Other potential materials which could be used to fabricate a novel construct for the repair of ciitical-sized bone defects is a novel material made of biodegradable polymer reinforced with ceramics particles. The properties of such a composite depend on 1) properties of the polymer used for the matrix and properties of the ceramics used for the reinforcement, 2) composition of the composite (i.e. content of ceramic particles) and 3) size, shape and arrangement of the particles in the matrix. Several polymer-composite composites have been used for scaffolds fabrication including polylactide (PLA) and polycaprolacton (PCL) reinforced with calcium phosphate (CaP) micro and nanoparticles. Authors proposed a novel composite material by blending copolymer -Poly(L-lactide-co-D,E-lactide) (PLDLLA) a copolymer with a ceramic - Tri-Calcium Phosphate... 

Yoon, J. J., Song, S. H., Lee, D. S., Park, T. G. Immohilization of cell adhesive RGD peptide onto the surface of highly porous biodegradable polymer scaffolds fabricated by a gas foaming/salt leaching method. Biomaterials. 2004, 25, 5613-5620. 

Electrospinning of PHA is still relatively new in scaffold fabrication. To date, P(3HB) and P(3HB-co-3HV) are the most common microbial polyesters to be electrospun into tissue-engineering scaffolds. Suwantong et al. (2007) prepared ultrafine electrospun fiber mats of P(3HB) and P(3HB-co-3HV) as scaffolding materials for skin and nerve generation, hi their study, they evaluated the in vitro biocompatibility of these fibers using mouse fibroblasts and Schwann cells... 

FIGURE 5.4 Different types of porous chitosan scaffolds fabricated by (a) thermally induced phase separation [129], (b) dense CO gas foaming [132], (c) sintering chitosan microspheres, and (d) electrospinning [157]. Reprinted with permission. Copyright 1999, 2005, 2011 Elsevier. 

A. Jaklenec, E. Wan, M.E. Murray, E. Mathiowitz, Novel scaffolds fabricated from protein-loaded microspheres for tissue engineering. Biomaterials 29 (2) (2008) 185-192. 

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