Bone powder, natural

In situ analysis of mineral content and crystallinity in bone. Bone, a functionally gradient material, is composed of protein and mineral components which give rise to spectral absorptions in the mid and far-infrared spectral range. Recently, Miller et al. (2001) have initiated an investigation of cross sections of human iliac crest bones, collecting the IR absorption spectra around a human osteon. The focus of this investigation was to measure the acid phosphate content and determine mineral crystallite perfection from the . spectra. The crystallite perfection was determined from a concurrent study of the correlation of IR absorption spectra with X-ray powder diffraction results from a series of synthetic hydroxyapatite crystals and natural bone powders of various species and ages. 

Kim and coworkers [118] proposed bioactlve bone cement (BBC), composed of natural bone powder (HAp), chitosan (CS) and commercially available PMMA-based bone cement. Investigators obtained three types of BBCs with different composition ratios BBC I, BBC n and BBC HI with 10 wt% of CS and 40, 50 and 60 wt% of HAp, respectively. Observation of the interfacial area between the host bone and the bone cement indicated that the BBC II composite has numerous pores that could be expected to afford space for bone ingrowth. However, after 4 weeks, the gaps between the host bone and the BBC II became narrower, and PMMA exhibited undesirable cleavage at the interfacial area simultaneously, histological examinations of the interfaces at 4 weeks post-implantation demonstrated more new bone formations in the BBC H implant than in pure PMMA. In addition, the exothermic effects in the BBCs were considerably lower than that of pure PMMA. 

Dentures require accurate fit, reasonable chewing efficiency, and lifelike appearance (189). The chewing efficiency of artificial dentures is one-sixth that of natural dentition (190). AcryHc resins are generally used as powder/Hquid formulations for denture base, bone cement, and related appHcations. Polymerization is achieved thermally using initiators photochemicaHy using photoactive chemicals and either uv or visible light irradiation and at ambient temperatures using initiator/activator systems. 

Tribasic calcium phosphate occurs naturally as the minerals hydroxylapatite, voelicherite, and whitlockite. Commercially, it is prepared by treating phosphate-containing rock with sulfuric acid. Tribasic calcium phosphate powder is then precipitated by the addition of calcium hydroxide. Tribasic calcium phosphate is alternatively prepared by treating calcium hydroxide from limestone with purified phosphoric acid. It may also be obtained from calcined animal bones.Some tribasic calcium phosphate products may be prepared in coarser, directly compressible forms by granulating the powder using roller compaction or spray drying. 

Biomimetic nanocrystalline apatite coatings were deposited on titanium substrates by matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE), a technique with potential application in tissue engineering (Visan et al., 2014 Caricato etal., 2014). The targets were prepared from nano-sized, poorly crystalline apatite powders, analogous in composition to mineral bone. For the deposition of thin films, a KrF excimer laser source was used (A = 248 nm,rFWHM < 25 ns). Analyses of the deposited films showed that the structural and chemical nature of the nanocrystalline precursor apatite was preserved. Hence, MAPLE may be a suitable technique for the congruent transfer of a delicate material such as nanohydroxyapatite. 

For a century phosphorus remained an expensive chemical curiosity. In 1769 Gahn recognised it as a constituent of bones and Chdel, a pupil of Bergman, showed how phosphoric acid could be obtained from calcined bones by treatment with sulphuric acid. It was then only necessary to mix the acid with charcoal powder and distil off the phosphorus. The price accordingly fell mstanter. The elementary nature of phosphorus was first recognised by Lavoisier in 1777. 

Because the natural mineral component of bones and teeth is carbonate-hydroxyl-apatite, the use of synthetic apatites as bone and tooth replacement materials has been extensively investigated. The first step in the manufacture of biomedical devices requires the ability to synthesize pure and reproducible apatite powders. 

In powder form, bioactive glasses have been used in the treatment of periodontal disease and for the treatment of patients with paralysis of one of the vocal cords. When mixed with autologous bone they have been used in maxillofacial reconstruction (i.e., mixed with natural bone to rebuild a jaw). 

Slosarczyk et al. have used a wet method to obtain carbonated HAp powders [56, 57]. Calcium oxide (CaO), calcium nitrate, calcium tetrahydrate [Ca(N03)2-4H20] or calcium acetate [Ca(CH3COO)2-H20] were used as the calcium source. As the phosphorous source, phosphoric acid (H3PO4) or di-ammonium phosphate [(NH4)2HP04] were used. The molar ratio of Ca P was 1.67. Ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3) or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCOs) were used as reactants to introduce groups. Biological apatites in natural bone, dentin, and enamel... 

One of the mostly researched biomaterials used in various fields of medicine is natural polymer-collagen. Collagen is the most abundant protein in the body (skin, bones, teeth, tendons, cartilage, basement membrane, cornea, etc.). It can be used by different processing techniques in large various molecular structures (micro and nanostructures) as powder, injectable solutions, films, membrane and matrices (sponges). 

Hydroxyapatite, Ca5(P04)3(0H), is the main mineral component of dental enamel, dentin, and bone, and thus has many medical uses. Coating it on metallic implants (such as titanium alloys and stainless steels) helps the body accept the implant. In the form of powder and beads, it is used to fill bone voids, which encourages natural bone to grow into the void. Hydroxyapatite is prepared by adding aqueous phosphoric acid to a dilute slurry of calcium hydroxide, (a) Write a balanced equation for this preparation. (b) What mass of hydroxyapatite could form from 100. g of 85% phosphoric acid and 100. g of calcium hydroxide ... 

Calcium phosphates are also prepared from natural marine structures such as corals (Roy and Linnehan, 1974 Vago et al., 2002 Papacharalambous and Anastasoff, 1993), mussel (Macha et al., 2013), sea shells (Bahar et al., 2003), sea urchin (Vecchio et al, 2007 Samur et al., 2013), land snail shells (Kel et al., 2012), cuttlefish bone (Rocha et al., 2006), and pearl (Shen et al., 2006) to name just a few. HAp powders have commonly been prepared using a variety of techniques such as wet chemical synthesis, hydrothermal conversion, solid-state reaction, and calcination of bone. 

Physical-chemical mechanics addresses a great variety of different objects and applications. These include various disperse systems, such as pastes, powders, and suspensions, encountered in various areas and applications various materials used in modem technology and such natural objects as minerals, soils, and bone tissue. This great variety anphasizes the universal nature of the disperse state of matter and the universal importance of mechanical properties. 

Bone meal, which is nature s own formulation, is fresh, degreased, ground animal bone. It is used as a mineral supplement for both humans and animals, and as a source of calcium, phosphorus, and needed trace elements. For human use, it is available in both powder and tablet form. It is noteworthy that (1) bone meal never contains toxic levels of the essential trace elements, whereas these are sometimes exceeded in man-made mineral formulations and (2) bone meal trace elements rate high in biological availability, physical and chemical compatability, and storage life. 

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