Maxillofacial reconstruction

Bloactive Glasses Bloactive Glass-Ceramics Maxillofacial Reconstruction... 

In powder form, bioactive glasses have been used in the treatment of periodontal disease and for the treatment of patients with paralysis of one of the vocal cords. When mixed with autologous bone they have been used in maxillofacial reconstruction (i.e., mixed with natural bone to rebuild a jaw). 

Alumina and zirconia ceramics are also being used for alveolar ridge reconstruction (20), maxillofacial reconstruction, as ossicular bone substitutes (21), and in ophthalmology (22), knee prosthesis (8), bone screws as well as other applications as dental biomaterials, such as dental crown core, post, bracket and inlay (23,24). 

Pilliar, R.M. (1986) Implant stabilization by tissue ingrowth. In Tissue Integration in Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction, D. van Steenberghe (ed.), Amsterdam, Excerpta Medica, pp. 60-76. 

Maxillofacial reconstruction buccal, inferior mandibular, and posterior margins... 

Silicones have been used in medical science for a variety of prosthetic applications because of their unique properties such as biocompatibiUty, weather resistance, low chemical reactivity, oxidation resistance and low toxicity. These properties make them suitable for a variety of applications, including maxillofacial reconstruction, breast implants, cochlear implants, artificial corneas and artificial skin. Silicone rubber (SR) implants have long been used for local contour corrections, such as nasal, chin, and cheek augmentation. In addition, arthritic knees and joints are effectively replaced by SR prostheses [1 ]. 

Other biomedical applications of polymers include sustained and controlled drug delivery formulations for implantation, transdermal and trans-cornealuses, intrauterine devices, etc. (6, 7). Major developments have been reported recently on the use of biomaterials for skin replacement (8), reconstruction of vocal cords (9), ophthalmic applications such as therapeutic contact lenses, artificial corneas, intraocular lenses, and vitreous implants (10), craniofacial, maxillofacial, and related replacements in reconstructive surgery (I), and neurostimulating and other electrical-stimulating electrodes (I). Orthopedic applications include artificial tendons (II), prostheses, long bone repair, and articular cartilage replacement (I). Finally, dental materials and implants (12,13) are also often considered as biomaterials. 

Abu Bakar et al. 1999), polyhydroxybutyrate (Luklinska and Bonfield 1997) and polysulfone (Wang et al. 2001). These composites are easily formed and are used in maxillofacial augmentation. More specific uses include nasal reconstruction (Lovice et al. 1999), middle ear reconstruction (Geyer 1999, Meijer et al. 2002) and repair of orbital fractures (Tanner et al. 1994). Recently, a pilot study has been conducted to examine the feasibility of thin sheets for the outer ear canal (Zanetti et al. 2001). The bone grows up to the composite and establishes a bond with the low resorbable HAp particles. 

Maxillofacial materials are used in dentistry for prosthodontic reconstruction, for example with patients who have experienced accidents or cancer surgery that involved the orofacial complex. Currently, silicone and polyurethane elastomers are employed for these applications [1,2]. 

There are two types of maxillofacial implants extraoral and intraoral. The former deals with the use of artificial substitutes for reconstructing defective regions in the maxilla, mandible, and face. Useful polymeric materials for extraoral implants require (1) match of color and texture with those of the patient (2) mechanical and chemical stability (i.e., material should not creep or change color or irritate skin) and (3) ease of fabrication. Copolymers of vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate (with 5 to 20% acetate), polymethyl methacrylate, silicones, and polyurethane rubbers are currently used. Intraoral implants are used for repairing maxilla, mandibular, and facial bone defects. Material requirements for the intraoral... 

Kamadjaja DB, et al. The osteogenic capacity of human amniotic membrane mesenchymal stem cell (hAMSC) and potential for application in maxillofacial bone reconstruction in vitro study. J BiomedSci Eng 2014 7 497-503. 

Soft-tissue Prosthesis. Several useful reviews adequately cover the present status and recent advances in materials for oral, maxillofacial, plastic, and reconstructive surgery. ... 

SmartBone is a bone substitute used in maxillofacial and dental reconstruction. It is a class III MD. Industrie Biomediche Insubri SA, the manufacturer of this product, uses aliphatic polyesters to reinforce the fragile mineral bone matrix. This polymer is also involved in protection from an inflammatory reaction during the first days postsurgery. The choice of the polymer is critical and should have the following characteristics ... 

Lizuka, T., Mikkonen, P., Paukku, P. and Lindqvist, C. (1991) Reconstruction of orbital floor with polydioxanone plate. Inter. J. Oral Maxillofacial Surg., 20,83-7. 

Fortunate, G., Marini, E., Valdinucci, E, and Bonucci, E. 1997. Long-term results of hydroxyapatite-fibrin sealant implantation in plastic and reconstructive craniofacial surgery. Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery 25 124-35. 

Horch, H. H., Sader, R., Pautke, C., Neff, A., Deppe, H., and Kolk, A. 2006. Synthetic, pure-phase betatrical-cium phosphate ceramic granules (Cerasorb) for bone r eneration in the reconstructive surgery of the jaws. International Journal of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery 35 708-13. 

Wikesjo, U.M., Huang, Y.H., Polimeni, G., Qahash, M., 2007. Bone morphogenetic proteins a realistic alternative to bone grafting for alveolar reconstruction. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America 19, 535-551, vi-vii. 

All the clinical specialties dentistry, maxillofacial, neurosurgery, obstetrics and gynecology, ophthalmology, orthopedics, otolaryngology, plastic and reconstructive surgery, thoracic and cardiovascular surgery, veterinary medicine, and surgery, etc. 

Silicones were also used for the preparation of finger prosthesis, in the case of loss of fingers because of trauma, congenital disorders and excision for neoplastic disorders. Although microsurgical reconstruction by reimplantation or transplantation can be attempted to restore function of many finger defects, it may not be possible in crush and severe injuries. Customized silicone prostheses have a wider rate of acceptance, owing to their comfort, durability and stain resistance, which are far superior to any other available extraoral maxillofacial materials [17]. 

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