Vocal cord

FIGURE 5.22 Schematic depiction of airflow pattern through the larynx. Note how eddies form downstream as air passes through the tracheal jet created by the vocal cords. This effect varies according to vocal chord position. 

Complications of surgery include persistent or recurrent hyperthyroidism (0.6% to 18%), hypothyroidism (up to about 49%), hypoparathyroidism (up to 4%), and vocal cord abnormalities (up to 5%). The frequent occurrence of hypothyroidism requires periodic follow-up for identification and treatment. 

Several muscles are used in singing particularly important are diaphragm, intercostal and muscles in the mouth and the vocal cords. If singing is performed for long periods of time, for example during performance or rehearsals, the ATP must be generated from aerobic metabolism. 

An interesting effect caused by breathing hehum is the change in one s voice when speaking. Because hehum is less dense than air, the vocal cords produce sounds at a higher pitch than normal and the speaker sounds hke Donald Duck. 

Would we be able to hear the speech of a 4-D being inches away in the fourth dimension How would sound work What would a 4-D being sound like using its 4-D vocal cords ... 

A special problem caused by inhaled corticosteroids is the occurrence of oropharyngeal candidiasis. The risk of this complication can be reduced by having patients gargle water and spit after each inhaled treatment. Hoarseness can also result from a direct local effect of inhaled corticosteroids on the vocal cords. These agents are remarkably free of other short-term complications in adults but may increase the risks of osteoporosis and cataracts over the long term. In children, inhaled corticosteroid therapy has been shown to slow the rate of growth, but this effect appears to be transient Asthma itself delays puberty, and there is no evidence that inhaled corticosteroid therapy in childhood influences adult height. 

Fluticasone Alters gene expression Reduces mediators of inflammation powerful prophylaxis of exacerbations Asthma adjunct in COPD Aerosol duration hours Toxicity Limited by aerosol application candidal infection, vocal cord changes... 

Babanov et al. (1959) reported that workers exposed to acrylonitrile concentrations of 0.6-6 mg/m for approximately three years suffered from headache, insomnia, pains in the heart region, general weakness, decreased working capacity and increased irritability. The vocal cords were inflamed, and pale mucous membranes and skin were seen. 

A patient with a history of an immediate, severe, hypersensitivity reaction at the start of thyroxine therapy subsequently developed a systemic reaction after open challenge with thyroxine (48). Later blinded challenges with both intravenous and oral thyroxine were uneventful, and the final diagnosis was psychogenic vocal cord dysfunction. 

Nugent JS, Nugent AL, Whisman BA, White K, Hagan LL. Levothyroxine anaphylaxis Vocal cord dysfunction mimicking an anaphylactic drug reaction. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2003 91 337 H. 

Horibe, Y., Murakami, M., Komori, K., Imaeda, Y., and Kasahara, M. 2000. Expression of topoiso-merase II alpha, Ki-67 and p53 in early stage laryngeal carcinomas not featuring vocal cord fixation. APMIS 765 689-696. 

The excitation signal depends on the source model (vocal cord models are used in speech for both voice and unvoiced sources). LPC models can be used in other circumstances, for example, the modeling of acoustic musical instruments where the... 

Flanagan and Ishizaka, 1976] Flanagan, J. L. and Ishizaka, K. (1976). Automatic generation of voiceless excitation in a vocal cord-vocal tract speech synthesizer. IEEE Trans. Acoustics, Speech, Signal Processing, 24(2) 163-170. 

Ishizaka and Flanagan, 1972] Ishizaka, K. and Flanagan, J. L. (1972). Synthesis of voiced sounds from a two-mass model of the vocal cords. Bell System Tech. J., 51 1233-1268. 

ANABOLIC EFFECTS A drug-induced growth or thickening of the body s nonreproductive tract tissues, such as muscle, bones, larynx, and vocal cords, and a decrease in body fat. 

White Phosphorus Smoke. Respiratory tract irritation has been observed in humans exposed to white phosphorus smoke for 2-15 minutes. Throat irritation during talking, coughing, nose irritation, and erythema and edema of the larynx and vocal cords have been reported (Walker et al. 1947 White and Armstrong 1935). 

The reactions were diagnosed as anaphylactic shock, a common allergic reaction among bee sting victims, for example. Mine is harder to control because of the popularity of perfumes, fragranced products, cleaners, toiletries and cosmetics, car fumes, fertilizers, and the thousands of items that can cause my vocal cords to swell and my body to go into shut-down mode. 

Vocal cords Most Pubertal Thickening of cords... 

Bob whispers to Miss Muxdroozol who lies beside him in the waving field of grass. This is impossible Bob says. They re bloody ants for cryin out loud They shouldn t even have vocal cords. Then he calms down as a hard fist of fear grows in his stomach. Let s quietly get out of here. Bob s pants are now thoroughly soaked with mud. He shifts his position to a drier patch of ground. 

My battle with the bottle was the headline in a newspaper.1 The page contained a long article relating the problems that actor Anthony Andrews had from drinking too much water to keep his vocal cords lubricated. It almost killed him. Water is probably the most important chemical in the universe and equally important in our body and its thousands of metabolic processes. 

An 18-year-old man was found collapsed outside the nightclub. He had taken five ecstasy tablets and some powder that was later confirmed as ecstasy. He was vomiting and agitated, had a tachycardia and hyperthermia, and needed mechanical ventilation. He later developed rhabdomyolysis and renal impairment with raised liver enzymes. He went on to develop pneumonia and a urinary tract infection. He was discharged after 32 days with a mildly ataxic gait and dysphonia secondary to vocal cord damage. 

In an open study of the use of intralesional cidofovir in treating laryngeal papilloma, 14 adults received monthly injections of cidofovir (maximum dose 37.5 mg per injection in 6 ml of saline mean 22.5 mg) (2). Remission was achieved in all cases with an average of six injections and without additional laryngeal scarring, vocal cord damage, or systemic adverse effects. 

Eucalyptus oil has been reported to cause vocal cord... 

A 46-year-old woman with vocal cord dysfunction associated with exposure to eucalyptus underwent inhalation challenges consisting of water, ammonia, pine oil, and a combination of eucalyptus (dried leaves) and ammonia. Vocal cord dysfunction occurred within minutes of exposure to eucalyptus. 

---