Blood lipids, total, solubility

In our study, consumption of rye bread or rye bread with phloem did not have an effect on serum lipids (total, LDL or HDL cholesterol or triglycerides) (Table 14.4). This is contrary to a recent finding suggesting that soluble fiber from rye bread decreased the concentrations of cholesterol (Leinonen et al., 2000). In that study ingestion of rye bread (220 g/d) with naturally high amounts of insoluble (18 g/d) and soluble fiber (4 g/d) decreased the LDL concentrations by 8% in hypercholesterolemic men. The researchers speculated that soluble fiber, maybe P-glucan, was responsible for the hypocholesterolemic effect. The amount of rye bread (70 g/d vs 220 g/d), the amount of total (5.9-11.8 g/d vs 22.1 g/d) and soluble fiber (0.6-1.3 g/d vs 4 g/d) ingested in this study was considerably less, and could explain the lack of effects on blood lipids in our study. 

The mean total lipids for the samples in Table VI were 384 mg/100 mL for human blood and 588 mg/100 mL for dog blood. Least-squares fits of sulfur hexafluoride and halothane solubilities vs. total blood lipids content for all blood samples gave correlation coefficients of R = 0.82 for halothane and 0.70 for SF6. For the cholesterol fraction, the R s were 0.90 and 0.76, respectively. For the phospholipid component, the R s were 0.63 and 0.62, respectively, while for triglycerides and fatty acids, R was less than 0.40 for both gases. 

Figure 6. Relationship between solubility of halothane and total blood lipids. Dog and human data were pooled (correlation coefficient, R =...

Multiple gas equilibration has been used to measure anesthetic gases in blood, plasma, and dextrose solutions. Halothane and sulfur hexafluoride solubilities were correlated with total blood lipids. The technique is routinely used in ventilation-perfusion measurements. 

Diabetic people are more likely to have dyslipide-mia than nondiabetic people. When control of diabetes is lost, patients may demonstrate gross hypertriglyceridemia due to increased production of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles in the liver as a consequence of the increased flux of free fatty acids from the peripheral tissues. At the same time total and LDL cholesterol may be raised. Improvement in diabetic control often achieves normalization of blood lipids, but where hyperlipidemia persists there may be a place for use of dietary fiber, especially soluble fiber, and especially oat yS-glucan-containing foods as an adjunct to dietary and pharmacological therapy (see above). 

Cholesterol is biosynthesized in the liver trans ported throughout the body to be used in a va riety of ways and returned to the liver where it serves as the biosynthetic precursor to other steroids But cholesterol is a lipid and isn t soluble in water How can it move through the blood if it doesn t dis solve in if The answer is that it doesn t dissolve but IS instead carried through the blood and tissues as part of a lipoprotein (lipid + protein = lipoprotein) The proteins that carry cholesterol from the liver are called low density lipoproteins or LDLs those that return it to the liver are the high-density lipoproteins or HDLs If too much cholesterol is being transported by LDL or too little by HDL the extra cholesterol builds up on the walls of the arteries caus mg atherosclerosis A thorough physical examination nowadays measures not only total cholesterol con centration but also the distribution between LDL and HDL cholesterol An elevated level of LDL cholesterol IS a risk factor for heart disease LDL cholesterol is bad cholesterol HDLs on the other hand remove excess cholesterol and are protective HDL cholesterol IS good cholesterol... 

Water soluble, high viscosity grade cellulose ether compositions are useful for the reduction of serum lipid levels, particularly total serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides and low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, and/or attenuate the rise of blood glucose levels. The compositions may be in the form of a prehydrated ingestible composition, e.g. a gelatin, or a comestible, e.g. a biscuit. 

E5. Escobar, J., Cardenas, G., and Lissi, E. A., Evaluation of the total content of lipid-soluble antioxidants in blood plasma samples employing a simple chemiluminescence quenching procedure. J. Biochem. Biophys. Meth. 35, 57-60 (1997). 

Most lipid-soluble hormones in the blood are bound to specialized carrier proteins. The availability of hormones for physiological functions depends on the total concentration of the hormone as well as the amount of hormone existing in the free state protein-bound hormones are not readily available for receptor binding. While lack of carrier proteins could impair the transport of hormones to target organs, excessive amounts may decrease the availability of free hormones. 

Ethanol is both water- and lipid-soluble, and therefore distributes into total body water and readily penetrates the blood-brain barriers and placenta. Ethanol has been found in the amniotic fluid of animals after a single oral dose. 

Lipoproteins complexes are soluble aggregates of lipids and proteins that transport lipids through the blood and lymph. Despite their differences in lipid and protein composition, all lipoproteins share common structural features, notably a spherical shape that can be detected by electron microscopy. The lipoproteins help maintain in solubilized form some 500 mg of total lipid per 100 mL of human blood in the postabsorptive state, after the contents of a meal have been digested and absorbed into the bloodstream. 

For intravenous or intramuscular administration, oil-soluble actives can be formulated as an oil-water-emulsion. When administered intravenously it is essential that the droplet size is about the same size as the lipid particles that circulate in the blood, the chylomicrons (0.2-3 pm). A typical emulsion contains 10-20 % soybean oil, 2 % glycerol and 1 % egg lecithin. These emulsions cannot be autoclaved. Coalescence of the droplets of the internal phase is a typical sign of instability. All-in-one total parenteral nutrition admixtures are a typical example for parenterally administered emulsion (compare Sect. 13.9). 

Absorption of the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K all exhibit significant, if not total, absorption via the lymphatic route. Some lipophilic drugs also enter by this route, at a rate dependent on the availability of lipid. Note that the lymphatic S5 tem avoids the first-pass effect. The lymph vessels, in contrast to the blood vessels (where arteries and veins form a circuit), begin from blind vessels from the central lacteals of the villi. 

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