Blood-lipid values

Clinical trials involving mixed nuts have been conducted in six countries Australia, Canada, Israel, India, New Zealand, and the United States [61-67]. In the studies that reported blood lipid values, the nut diets significantly reduced total cholesterol from 7% to 25% and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol by 10%-33%. No studies found any significant effect on HDL cholesterol, and two found a significant decrease in triacylglycerols (TAG) [63,66]. Furthermore, both the Lyon Heart Study and the Indo-Mediterranean Diet Study showed a decrease in overall mortality and cardiovascular mortality [45,46]. 

The normal blood-lipid values, as measured in plasma or serum, vary with age, sex and environmental factors. The upper normal hmit (percentile 90) of two age groups may be exemplified for a male population as shown [35] Similar values have been reported in various western countries, including the United States. 

Faber, M., Benade, A. J., and van, E. M., Dietary intake, anthropometric measurements, and blood lipid values in weight training athletes (body builders), Int J Sports Med, 7, 342, 1986. 

The ADA standards of medical care address many of the common comorbid conditions, as well as complications that result from the progression of DM. Table 40-7 presents goals for blood pressure measurements, lipids values, and monitoring parameters for complications associated with diabetes. 

The range of values for this enzyme corresponds to 0.0 to 1.5 ml. A//20 sodium hydroxide required to neutralize the fat acids released by 1 ml. of serum under controlled conditions.18 Since 0.05 ml. of AV20 sodium hydroxide solution should be easily detectable, this corresponds to at least a 30-fold range and is in line with the large range in the blood lipids which is known to be inter-individual (p. 58). Because of lack of interest in the question, apparently no investigation has been made regarding the constancy or lack of constancy of the lipases in the blood of specific individuals. 

Tissue blood PCs indicate the relative affinity of compounds for the various tissues of the body compared to blood. The values are determined by the relative lipophilic/hydrophilic nature of the compound and relative affinity for the macromolecules found in tissue and blood. Each individual tissue will make up a specific balance of water, neutral lipid, phospholipid, and protein. Partitioning therefore is determined by the relative affinity of the compound for the specific tissue constituents. 

Net absorption is calculated as the difference between contanninant input with food and contaminant output with feces, normalized to the contaminant intake and is expressed as a percentage of the daily intake. Positive values indicate net absorption and negative values indicate net excretion with absorption or excretion expressed as a percentage of daily intake. Congener-specific levels in blood lipids are given in parentheses. 

No effects on serum cholesterol levels were noted in workers chronically exposed to 10-30 ppm carbon disulfide (Hemberg et al. 1971), and several studies failed to observe increased serum cholesterol levels in workers exposed to carbon disulfide at concentrations below 20 ppm. In an occupational study, 35 workers chronically exposed to carbon disulfide concentrations ranging from 6.4 to 12.8 ppm for 5-20 years exhibited a statistically significant reduction in blood cholesterol levels a nonsignificant reduction in total lipid levels was also observed. This study is of limited value because of the small sample size and the likelihood of concurrent exposure to other chemicals (Sidorowicz et al. 1980). Another study of 70 men exposed to carbon disulfide in a viscose plant who were matched to unexposed men working in a different division of the plant found no statistically significant differences in blood lipid profiles (total cholesterol, HDL-Ch, and triglycerides) (Franco et al. 1982). Carbon disulfide concentrations were less than 11.2 ppm from 1972 to 1979. Workers (n=420) in a rayon filament factory chronically exposed to carbon disulfide... 

Mr. Applebod s brother had a history of hypercholesterolemia and because Mr. Applebod s serum total cholesterol had been significantly elevated (296 mg/dL) at his first visit, his blood lipid profile was determined, his blood glucose level was measured, and a number of other blood tests were ordered. (The blood lipid profile is a test that measures the content of the various triacylglycerol- and cholesterol-containing particles in the blood.) His blood pressure was 162 mm Hg systolic and 98 mm Hg diastolic or 162/98 mm Hg (normal = 140/90 mm Hg or less). His waist circumference was 48 inches (healthy values for men, less than 40 for women, less than 35). 

Blood lead values in childhood vary with age and differ from those of adults living in the same environment. Conventional metabolic balance studies in children have limitations for the study of factors modifying lead absorption. Feeding studies, and the use of both isolated and in-vivo gut loops in laboratory animals have shown that major minerals, lipids and proteins, modify lead uptake and absorption. Intrinsic ma-turational changes modify the response to ingested lead and are relat-... 

Oxidation of LDL plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis. Turmeric extract decreased the susceptibility of LDL to lipid peroxidation, thus suggesting its value in the management of cardiovascular disease (Ramirez-Tortosa et al. 1999). In healthy hiunans, the daily intake of 200 mg of turmeric extract resulted in a decrease in total blood lipid peroxides as well as in HDL- and LDL-lipid peroxidation (Miquel et al. 2002). The beneficial influence of dietary curciunin on the susceptibility of LDL to oxidation was examined in an animal study. Dietary curcumin significantly inhibited the in vivo iron-induced LDL oxidation as well as copper-induced oxidation of LDL in vitro (Manjunatha and Srinivasan 2006). 

An additional difficulty in defining normal plasma lipid values results from the influence of various factors on plasma lipid concentrations. Cholesterol and phospholipid concentrations vary with age and show an increase from the third to the sixth decade followed by a slight decrease thereafter (Adlersberg et al. 1956, Lewis et al. 1957, Schaefer et al. 1958). In higher decades values may be influenced by the inclusion of persons with clinically silent disease. Furthermore, alimentary influences result from the total amount of ingested fat and the composition of dietary fatty acids. Therefore, blood samples should not only be taken in the fasting state, but in many instances after a period of controlled dietary intake. 

It must be kept in mind also that in pregnancy, a number of shifts in the blood lipid pattern in the favorable direction may occur initially, whereas as toxemia develops, a shift in the reverse direction starts. In this way, the disease can be present for some time before the ori al levels are passed, and the values shift into the bad direction. ... 

Soy protein intake has been touted for its effects on reducing blood cholesterol and improving risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The recommended daily intake to reap the benefits of soy protein was set at 25 g/day by the FDA following its review of the literature. However, the average dose in numerous clinical trials to elicit an approximate 3% reduction of LDL cholesterol was 50 g/day. This value is double the FDA recommendation and may account for a quarter to one half of a person s daily total protein intake. It also appears that soy may be more effective at lowering cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic individuals. It is of interest to note that soy isoflavones alone do not appear to affect blood lipid concentrations. Inclusion of soy proteins as a trade for other, higher-fat sources of protein may be protective via... 

Long-term trials are now in progress in Europe and in the United States to test the value of drugs in preventing or controlling high blood-lipid levels, atherosclerosis and ischaemic heart disease. 

Toxic compounds polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organochlorine pesticides, chlorinated pesticides, dioxins, veterinary drug residues, hormone residues, aflatoxins, toxic compounds in shellfish. Compoimds of nutritional significance in foods vitamins, fat, lipids, carbohydrates, protein, energy-calorific value, proximates, dietary fibre, ash. Other compounds hormones in blood serum... 

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