Protein glycation

Jang DS, Lee GY, Kim YS, Lee YM, Kim CS, Yoo JL, Kim JS. (2007) Anthraquinones from the seeds of Cassia tora with inhibitory activity on protein glycation and aldose reductase. Biol Pharm Bull 30 2207-2210. 

Ahmed, N., Ahmed, U., Thornalley, P. J., Hager, K., Fleischer, G., and Munch, G. (2005). Protein glycation, oxidation and nitration adduct residues and free adducts of cerebrospinal fluid in Alzheimer s disease and link to cognitive impairment. ]. Neurochem. 92, 255-263. 

Brownlee, M. (1995). Advanced protein glycation in diabetes and aging. Annu. Rev. Med. 46, 223-234. 

Shuvaev, V. V., Laffont, I., Serot, M., Fujii, J., Taniguchi, N., and Siest, G. (2001). Increased protein glycation in cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer s disease. Neurobiol. Aging 22, 397-402. 

Humeny A, Kislinger T, Becker CM, Pischetsrieder M. Qualitative detennination of specific protein glycation products by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry Peptide mapping. J Agric Food Client 2002 50(7) 2153—2160. 

P. Ulrich and A. Cerami, Protein glycation, diabetes, and aging, Recent. Prog. Horm. Res., 56 (2001) 1-21. 

Ahmed, N., Battah, S., Karachalias, N., Babaei-Jadidi, R., Horanyi, M., Baroti, K., Hollan, S., Thomalley, P. J. Increased formation of methylglyoxal and protein glycation, oxidation and nitrosation in triosephosphate isomerase deficiency. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2003,1639 121 132. 

Knowledge of the Maillard reaction is being extended very actively in many different ways. The participation of free radicals has already been dealt with in Chapter 2 and work on colour and flavour aspects is being deferred to Chapters 4 and 5, respectively. This chapter deals with a number of relatively disparate topics, namely, the effects of pH, high pressure, 7g, and the use as reactants of amines other than amino acids, of lipids, and of oligo- and polysaccharides, as well as the determination of a-dicarbonyl intermediates, control of aldol/retroaldol reactions, fluorescence, kinetic aspects, and sites of protein glycation. 

S. P. Wolff, Z. Y. Jiang, and J. V. Hunt, Protein glycation and oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus and ageing, Free Radical Biol. Med., 1991, 10, 339-352. 

Free radicals generated by glycated proteins initiate lipid peroxidation (H21) and effect nearly twofold increase (over control) of peroxidation of membrane linoleic/arachidonic acid vesicles. This suggests that the increased protein glycation in diabetes accelerates vascular wall lipid oxidative modification (M28). 

J3. Jiang, Z. Y., Woollard, A. C., and Wolff, S. R, Hydrogen peroxide production during experimental protein glycation. FEBS Lett. 268, 69-71 (1990). 

US guidelines are to have an HbAlc of less than 7.5%. Long-term damage caused by protein glycation includes ulcers, kidney failure, blindness, strokes and ischaemic heart disease. 

A number of organogermaitium derivatives have been prepared and tested for anticancer activityStudies to test efficacy against a number of other diseases have also been explored.In particular, the dramatic claim has been made that 2-carboxyethylgermasesquioxane (Ge-132) inhibits the MaUlard reaction which is responsible for the glycation of proteins in vivo. Protein glycation by this reaction may be related to diseases such as diabetes and Alzheimer s disease. 

PTM can be enzyme-catalyzed and thus controlled carefully, or they can be nonenzymatic with less control. For example, protein glycation during hyperglycemia is a nonenzymatic PTM that accounts for some symptoms of diabetes (4). Protein ni-trosylation on Cys residues is another nonenzymatic PTM that can affect protein function (5). Coordination by metal ions can also be considered as a PTM. For many proteins, metal binding is crucial for maintaining the correct structure or the enzymatic activity (6). Here, the focus will be given to enzyme-catalyzed PTM. Figures 1 and 2 show many commonly found enzyme-catalyzed PTM. (3)... 

Shibata N, Nagai R, Miyata S, Jono T, Horiuclii S, Hirairo A, Kato S, Sasaki S, Asayama K, Kobayaslii M (2000) Non oxidative protein glycation is implicated in familial amyoti opliic lateral sclerosis witlr superoxide dismutase-1 mutation. Acta Neuropatliol (Berl) 100 275-284. 

Fuller, C-, Chandalia, M., Garg, A., Grundy, S., and Jialal, 1. (1996). RRR-a-tocopheryl acetate supplementation at pharmacologic doses decreases low-density-lipoproiein oxidative susceptibility but not protein glycation in patients with diabetes mellitus. Am. 

Terpenes are polymers of the five-carbon isoprene unit and include vitamins A, E, and K (see Chapter 30) and the dolichols, which play an important role in protein glycation. 

Groubet, R., Chobert, J.-M., and Haertle, T. (1999). Functional properties of milk proteins glycated in mild conditions. Sci. Aliments 19,423-438. 

Ulrich, P., and Cerami, A., Protein Glycation, Diabetes, and Aging, Recent Prog. Hormone Res., 56 1-21, 2001. 

Macroangiopathy (or accelerated atherosclerosis) leads to premature coronary heart disea.se. The exact inechanisms for increa.sed susceptibility to atherosclerosis in diabetics are unknown however, hyperlipidaemia and increased protein glycation may play a role. The most common form of hyperlipidaemia observed in diabetics is hypcrtriglyceridaemia with increa.sed plasma VLDL-cholesterol and decreased HDL-choIesterol. 

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