Enzymes blood

Fig. 8. Plot of data from patients having Hver diseases A or B or unknown X (a) on two blood enzymes (b) scores of points on the first two eigenvectors obtained from an eight-dimensional enzyme space and (c) eigenvector plot of the variance weighted data. Variance weights ranged from 3.5 to 1.2 for the eight blood enzymes measured. A weight of 1.0 indicates no discrimination information (22).

Hydrogen peroxide breaks down into water and oxygen. A liter of 3 percent hydrogen peroxide will generate 10 liters of oxygen when a catalyst is used to facilitate the breakdown. Catalysts can be metals such as iron, copper, or silver, or organics such as the blood enzyme... 

Iron appeared to reduce the effects of orally or subcutaneously administered lead on blood enzyme and liver catalase activity (Bota et al. 1982). Treatment of pregnant hamsters with iron- or calcium-deficient diets in conjunction with orally administered lead resulted in embryonic or fetal mortality and abnormalities (ranting, edema) in the litters, while treatment with complete diets and lead did not (Carpenter 1982). Inadequate levels of iron in association with increased body burdens of lead enhanced biochemical changes associated with lead intoxication (Waxman and Rabinowitz 1966). Ferrous iron was reported to protect against the inhibition of hemoglobin synthesis and cell metabolism by lead it has been speculated that iron competes with lead uptake by the cell (Waxman and Rabinowitz 1966). In... 

The stimulating action of methylene blue and other reducible dyes on MHb reduction has long been established. However, this function is not constant, and may even be absent (H22, H23). In beef erythrocytes, and in MHbR prepared from yeast, no stimulating effect of methylene blue could be observed (A6, H22). When beef blood enzyme was boiled, a substance was obtained which activates the human MHbR without... 

Rat 200 12.5 min Possible changes in blood enzymes attributed to cardiac effects O Flaherty and Thomas 1982... 

Because the respiratory tract is an initial target of any air pollutant challenge, it usually receives primary attention in tests to determine irritant effects of exposure. Other aspects of interest include hematology, blood enzyme biochemistry, eye irritation, and p chomotor performance. Constriction of the large airways, maldistribution of ventilation due to narrowing in some small airways, constriction of peripheral lung units, and mechanical or gas diffusion impairment due to edema are possible effects of insult by pollutants. A variety of pulmonary tests is required to examine the possibilities. 

Carbamates effect the reversible carbamylation of acetylcholinesterase, permitting accumulation of acetylcholine at cholinergic neuroeffector junctions (muscarinic effects), at the myoneural junctions of skeletal muscle, and in the autonomic ganglia (nicotinic effects). CNS function is also impaired. However the relatively large dissociation constant of the carbamyl-enzyme complex indicates that it dissociates more readily than does the organophosphate-enzyme complex, mitigating the toxicity of the carbamate pesticides. The reversibility of the carbamyl-enzyme complex affects (limits) the utility of blood enzyme measurements as a diagnostic tool. 

OPs have been in use for several decades as important chemicals for the control of crop pests. With their chemical and biochemical reactions, OPs have been well established as extremely poisonous chemicals. This classification is due to the inhibition of the marker enzyme ChE, which is produced in the liver. Blood enzymes provide an estimate of tissue enzyme activity. After acute exposure to OPs or a nerve agent, the erythrocyte enzyme activity most closely reflects the activity of the tissue enzyme. Once the OPs inhibit the tissue enzyme, it cannot hydrolyze ACh, and the accumulation stimulates the affected organ. Based on the manner of exposure (dose and duration) to different OPs, a series of toxicity signs and symptoms set in the organism, leading to death. These are important aspects to be closely monitored among pest control operators and occupational workers exposed to OPs. 

Constructing dry reagent chemistries for blood enzyme analysis presents new levels of complexity, since enzymes are too large to readily diffuse through most conventional matrices. In addition, many enzyme analyses require coupling multistep reactions which are frequendy catalyzed by other enzymes. Some dry reagent matrices have a large, open lattice that allows free diffusion of macro-... 

Raveh, L., Ashani, Y., Levy, D., Delahoz, D., Wolfe, A.D., Doctor, B.P. (1989). Acetylcholinesterase prophylaxis against organophosphate poisoning - quantitative correlation between protection and blood-enzyme level in mice. Biochem. Pharmacol. 38 529-34. 

Blood enzyme tests can detect the abnormalities associated with progressive muscular dystrophy early on, even before symptoms are clearly evident. Muscle tissue is rich in creatine and, when muscles are diseased, the creatine leaks into the blood and can be measured as creatine kinase (CK). The normal level of CK is about 160 lU/L, but an individual with Duchene muscular dystrophy may have CK levels as high as 15,000-35,000 lU/L. If the diagnosis is in doubt, genetic studies and muscle biopsy can also be done. The recent isolation of the Duchenne gene and the discovery that dystrophin is the abnormal encoded protein makes a precise molecular diagnosis possible. It also offers hope that the genetic basis for other dystrophies will be discovered soon. 

Classification The classification of the hepatobiliary enzymes essential for enzyme diagnostics is based on their characteristic nature - i. e. excretory, secretory and indicator enzymes, (s. tab. 5.5) They are located predominantly within the liver cells and the biliary ducts as well as within the hepatic lobules. The speed of enzyme elimination does not depend on the blood enzyme levels, but follows an exponential curve. This allows the computation of the half-life of enzymes within the plasma, which is not influenced either by gender or age and is a typical enzyme characteristic. The velocity of enzyme elimination is largely constant, (s. tab. 5.5) However, in chronic diseases of the liver, it is known, for example, that GPT is usually eliminated faster than GOT despite its longer half-life. 

Davis, J. T., Zinc Levels and Blood Enzyme Activities in Egyptian Male Subjects with Retarded Growth and Sexual Development, Am. /. Clin.Nutr. (1966) 19,415. 

E670 Quigley, G., Lockitch, G., Halstead, A., Wittmann, B., Ross, P. and Lucas, B. (1990). Effect of normal gestation on blood enzymes measured on the Ektachem 700. Clin. Chem. 36, 1137, Abstr. 864. 

The toxicity of dichlorvos is due to inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and the signs of toxicity are generally similar to those caused by other organo-phosphorus insecticides. Dichlorvos is a direct inhibitor of cholinesterases thus, toxicity rapidly follows exposure and recovery is also rapid. With inhalation exposures, airway acetylcholinesterase inhibition is possible in the absence of significant blood enzyme inhibition. The fly head acetylcholinesterase appears more sensitive to inhibition by dichlorvos relative to mammalian brain acetylcholinesterase. At high doses, dichlorvos may cause hyperglycemia and abnormal glucose tolerance. 

B32a. Bodansky, O., Blood enzymes in cancer and other diseases in Advan. Cancer Res. 6, 34 (1961). 

A patient admitted to the emergency room with nausea and vomiting showed low serum potassium, elevated blood enzymes, and acetaminophen blood level above 200 pg/mL. The patient was diagnosed with acetaminophen overdose. Acetaminophen is a widely used analgesic. What is the most probable explanation of how a high dose of acetaminophen might have led to a toxic condition ... 

D. Acetaminophen is not itself toxic, but its intermediate metabohte A-acetyl benzoquinoneimine can be toxic unless it is adequately conjugated. In the case presented, a high dose of acetaminophen overwhelmed the conjugative processes, allowing the toxic intermediate to interact with body components and thus causing the nausea, vomiting, and elevated blood enzymes observed. 

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