Impaired diffusion

Net (Impaired diffusion. Chronic) Transient (arterial puncture) Hyperventilation without pulmonary disease... 

Two liquid phases. Harrison (121) presents two case studies in one, adding water to two wator-insoluble organics hed no effect on HETP. In another, a key component was soluble in both liquid phases, and HETP was about 50 percent higher than normal. Harrison argues that a second liquid phase leads to lower efficiency only when it impairs diffusion of the key species. On this hasis, Harrison expects efficiency loss also when an "inert" liquid or vapor represents a large fraction of the liquid or vapor phase. 

In theory, there are three causes for the occurrence of HPS (since hypoventilation is not deemed a possible cause) (1.) arteriovenous shunts, (2.) disturbed alveolo-capillary oxygen diffusion in terms of impaired diffusion-perfusion, and (3.) mismatches between ventilation and perfusion. Consequently, there are numerous liver diseases which are associated with HPS. Transient HPS in acute viral hepatitis A and B has recently been reported. (17, 38) (s. tab. 18.1)... 

Isotonic crystalloids, such as 0.9% sodium chloride (normal saline) or lactated Ringer s solution, are used commonly for fluid resuscitation. A patient in septic shock typically requires up to 10 L of crystalloid solution during the first 24-hour period. These solutions distribute into the extracellular compartment. Approximately 25% of the infused volume of crystalloid remains in the intravascular space, whereas the balance distributes to extravascular spaces. Although this could impair diffusion of oxygen to tissues, clinical impact is unproven. 

Platz, 1992). The potential effects of exposing patients to inhaled insulin on a chronic basis are unexplored and will need to be investigated in clinical studies. Abnormal pulmonary function has been documented in 60% of a cross section of a diabetic population. Impaired diffusion due to a reduced pulmonary capillary blood volume and reduced lung volumes were the most consistent abnormalities (Sandler ei a/., 1986 Sandler, 1990). Therefore, it may be necessary to exclude certain categories of risk patients from pulmonary insulin administration (Byron, 1990). 

In the opposite case, with fast proton transport and severely impaired diffusion transport of neutral molecules, caused for instance by flooding of pores with liquid water, the conversion domain shifts to the CL/GDL interface and proton current... 

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