Brain mammalian

Several peptides are related in different ways to these classical opioid peptides. FMREamide (Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2) contains the first four amino acids of enkephalin and is active in various invertebrates (58) FMREamide-related peptides also have been located in the mammalian brain. Although these... 

Amphiphilic monomers and dimers (Gl, G2) Abundant in mammalian brain, muscles and intestine for both ChEs. 

Glutamate is a small amino acid which constitutes the most important neurotransmitter at excitatory synapses in the mammalian brain. Glutamate can act on several different types of receptors including cation channels and G-protein-coupled receptors. 

Schwartz JC, Arrang JM, Garbarg M et al (1991) Histaminergic transmission in the mammalian brain. Physiol Rev 71 1-51... 

In the mammalian brain orexins are almost exclusively expressed in a small group of neurons located in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) andperifornical area (PEA)... 

Region of the mammalian brain residing in the anterior hypothalamus that functions as the master circadian regulator. 

Brustle O, Spiro AC, Karram K, Choudhary K, Okabe S, McKay RD (1997) In vitro-generated neural precursors participate in mammalian brain development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94 14809-14814... 

Woolf, NJ (1991) Cholinergic systems in mammalian brain and spinal cord. Prog. Neurohiol. 37 475-524. 

Tyramine is produced by decarboxylation of tyrosine and is present in the CNS in higher (threefold) concentrations than m-tyramine, the hydroxylated derivative of phenylethylamine. In the periphery / -tyramine is easily hydroxylated to octopamine, which has some direct effects on ai adrenoceptors, unlike tyramine which functions by releasing NA. When tested on central neurons tyramine always produces the same effects as NA but they are slower and less marked, implying an indirect action. By contrast octopamine often produces the opposite effect to NA and it is probable that octopamine may have a functional role in the invertebrate CNS where it is found in higher concentrations (5pg/g) than in the mammalian brain (0.5ng/g). Neither tyramine nor octopamine have distinct behavioural effects, unlike phenylethylamine,... 

Perou a, S.J., and Snyder, S.H. Two distinct serotonin receptors Regional variations in receptor binding in mammalian brain. Brain Res 208 339-347, 1981. 

The best studied of the endocarmabinoids are anandamide (A -arachidonyl-ethanolamine, AEA)(1) and 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG)(2). Anandamide was first identified from porcine brain extracts by Devane and co-workers in 1992 [13], while 2-AG was first reported in 1995 to have been isolated from canine gut [14] and rat brain [15]. More recently, noladin ether (2-arachidonyl-glyceryl ether, 2-AGE)(3) [16], virodhamine (D-arachidonyl-ethanolamine)(4) [17] and A-arachidonyl-dopamine (NADA)(5) [18] were proposed as endogenous ligands for the cannabinoid receptors. In a subsequent publication, the authors failed to detect noladin ether in mammalian brains and questioned the relevance of this compound as an endocarmabinoid [19]. Anandamide, noladin ether and NADA have functional selectivity for CBi receptors, virodhamine is CB2 selective and 2-AG is essentially non-selective. 

Belluscio L., Koentges G., Axel R. and Dulac C. (1999). A map of pheromone receptor activation in the mammalian brain. Cell 97, 209-220. 

Finlay B.L. and Darlington R.B. (1995). Linked regularities in the development and evolution of mammalian brains. Science 268, 1578-1583. 

The AMPA receptors mediate the majority of fast excitatory neurotransmission in the mammalian brain. The rapid kinetics and the low Ca permeability make these receptors ideal for fast neurotransmission without sufficient changes in the intracellular calcium concentration to activate Ca2+-dependent processes. The NMDA receptors are co-localized with the AMPA receptors on many synapses, but the slow kinetics of the NMDA receptor minimize the receptor activation after a single presynaptic glutamate release where the neuron quickly repolarizes, resulting in Mg2+ block... 

The identification of the morphine receptor spurred an effort in many laboratories to find an endogenous agonist for which that receptor was normally intended. Ultimately, a pair of pentapeptides that bound quite tightly to opiate receptors were isolated from mammalian brains. These peptides, called enkephalins (2, 3), show many of the activities of synthetic opiates in isolated organ systems. They do in fact show analgesic activity when injected directly into the brain. It is thought that lack of activity by other routes of administration is due to their rapid inactivation by peptide cleaving enzymes. 

Nicholson RA, Roth SH, Jian Zheng AZ. 1998. Inhibition of respiratory and bioenergetic mechanisms by hydrogen sulfide in mammalian brain. J Toxicol Environ Health. 54 491-507. 

Tran, V. T., Chang, R. S. Snyder, S. H. (1978). Histamine HI receptors identified in mammalian brain membranes with [3H]mepyramine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Set USA 75, 6290-4. 

Bauer H. Glucose transporters in mammalian brain development. In Introduction to the Blood-Brain Barrier (Partridge WM, Ed.), 1st Edn. Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1998, 175-187. 

Sangameswaran L, De Bias AL Demonstration of the benzodiazepine-like molecules in the mammalian brain with a monoclonal antibody to benzodiazepines. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1985 82 5560-5564. 

The lipid composition of mammalian brain analyzed by these methods is found to change with age and is... 

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