Blood composition

A common laboratory technique for determining the concentration of a solute is titration (Fig. L.2). Titrations are usually either acid-base titrations, in which an acid reacts with a base, or redox titrations, in which the reaction is between a reducing agent and an oxidizing agent. Titrations are widely used to monitor water purity and blood composition and for quality control in the food industry. 

Recycling of printer circuit boards is deemed as the most important source of heavy metals to the ambient environment. These heavy metals may be entering into human body from various exposure routes such as ingestion, inhalation, and dermal absorption. Exposure to high levels of heavy metals can lead to acute and chronic toxicity, such as damage to central and peripheral nervous systems, blood composition, lungs, kidneys, liver, and even death [14],... 

Haux, C. and A. Larrson. 1982. Influence of inorganic lead on the biochemical blood composition in the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 6 28-34. 

Blood Composition Hole s Human Anatomy Physiology by David Shier, 2002, 9 ed. McGraw-Hill, Boston, MA. 

Examination of 13 individuals 5 years after they were occupationally exposed to a chlorine dioxide leak revealed sensitivity to respiratory irritants and nasal abnormalities. Delayed deaths occurred in animals after exposure to 15 0-2 00 ppm for less than 1 hour. Rats exposed daily to 10 ppm died after 10-13 days of exposure effects were nasal and ocular discharge and dyspnea autopsy revealed purulent bronchitis. Another study reported that two to four 15-minute exposures to 5 ppm for 1 month did not alter the blood composition or lung histology of rats similar exposures to 10-15 ppm caused bronchitis, bronchiolitis, catarrhal alveolar lesions, and peribronchial infiltration. Lesions healed within 15 days after treatment. Rats and rabbits exposed for 30 days to 5 or 10 ppm (2 hours/day) had localized bronchopneumonia with elevated leukocyte counts slight reversible pulmonary lesions were found after exposures of 2.5ppm for 4-7 hours/day. No adverse reactions were... 

A bite from any such parasite is characterized by prolonged host bleeding. This property led to the documented use of leeches as an aid to blood-letting as far back as several hundred years BC. The method was particularly fashionable in Europe at the beginning of the ninteenth century. Many doctors at that time still believed that most illnesses were related in some way to blood composition and blood letting was a common, if uneffective, therapy. The Napoleonic Army surgeons, for example, used leeches to withdraw blood from soldiers suffering from conditions as diverse as infections and mental disease. 

Petit, H.V. 2002. Digestion, milk production, milk composition, and blood composition of dairy cows fed whole flaxseed. J. Dairy Sci. 85, 1482-1490. 

Ishaaya I, Engel J, Casida J. 1976. Dietary triorganotins affect lymphatic tissues and blood composition of mice. Pestic Biochem Physiol 6 270-279. 

The extract from Berberis vulgaris as well as that of the alkaloids berberine, oxyacanthine, berbamine, jatrorrhizine, and columbamine stimulate secretion of the bile (480, 481). The strongest effect was produced by berberine, followed by berbamine and oxyacanthine. The choleretic effect of berberine was also studied by Vartazaryan (482). Turova et al. (483) examined the effect of berberine on 225 patients with chronic cholecystitis. Peroral doses of 5-20 mg three times daily before meals over a period of 24-48 hours caused disappearance of the clinical symptoms, decrease in the level of bilirubin, and increase in the bile volume in the gall bladder. Berberine also had a favorable effect in patients with toxic hepatitis induced by intoxication. No side effects were observed on the liver functions or the blood composition. The effect of berberine on the stimulation of bile secretion was also studied by Samaj et al. (484). 

There are various factors that can influence the distribution of analytes in a dried blood spot. Water-soluble chemicals uniformly coated on DBS cards would redistribute when the blood was spotted. The redistribution of chemicals may depend on their properties, viscosity of blood, the volume spotted, and the technique used for spotting. Another factor is the viscosity of the blood. Viscosity is normally dependent on the blood composition (hematocrit, protein, lipid levels), and it can affect the physical spread of the blood spot in that the same volume of a less viscous blood will form a larger diameter spot than that of a more viscous blood sample. Viscosity, combined with the chemical redistribution on the sample cards, will increase the complexity of the analyte distribution. 

Reversed-phase liquid chromatography has been used by Veening and co-workers (K22, S18) to monitor dialysate, serum, and urine from patients on artificial kidney machines. They report that RPLC is a reliable method for monitoring blood composition during dialysis. 

Yu, M.H. and H.-L.S. Hwang. 1986. Influence of protein and ascorbic acid on fluoride-induced changes in blood composition and skeletal fluoride deposition in mice. In Fluoride Research 1985, H. Tsunoda and M.-H. Yu, Eds. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 203-210. 

If appropriate the phlebotomist should verify that the patient is fasting. The patient should be comfortably seated or supine, if sitting is not feasible, and should have been in this position for 20 minutes before the specimen is drawn. This standardization minimizes differences in concentrations of blood constituents caused by variations in blood volume (hemoconcentration or hemodilution). Either of the patient s arms should be extended in a straight line from the shoulder to the wrist. An arm with an inserted intravenous line should be avoided, as should an arm with extensive scarring or a hematoma at the intended collection site. If a woman has had a mastectomy, arm veins on that side of the body should not be used because the surgery may have caused lymphostasis, affecting the blood composition. If a woman has had double mastectomies, blood should be drawn from the arm of the side on which the first procedure was done. If the surgery was done within 6 months on both sides, a vein on the back of the hand or at the ankle should be used. 

Table 4.1.1 Effects of dietary organotins on body, heart, and spleen weights and blood composition of male mice... 

Organotin Dietary level X equiv kg M Weight relative to control (%) " Spleen weight relative to control (%) Blood composition relative to control ... 

Data are the mean and SE (standard error) values based on 10 young mice (initial weight 1 3.6 0.3 g) for each treatment after 7 days on treated diets Data are the mean and SE values based on four mature mice (initial weight 28.3 0.5 g) for each treatment after 4 days on treated diets Control spleen weight, 196 7 mg Control blood composition 15.9 0.2 g Hb/100 ml 48.9 0.7 % Hec 7.1 0.3 x 10 = erythrocytes/mm 23 2 x 10 total leucocytes/mm Hb, Hemoglobin content Hec, Hematocrit value... 

Cook HW. In vitro formation of polyunsaturated fatty acids by desaturation in rat brain some properties of the enzymes in developing brain and comparisons with liver. J Neurochem 1978 30 1327-1334. Cowan WM. The development of the brain. In The Brain. New York Scientific American 241 (3) 113—133. Crastes de Paulet P, Sarda P, Boulot P, Crastes de Paulet A. Fatty acids blood composition in fetal and... 

Goehring TB, Johnson DD, Libal GW, et al. 1983. Toxicity of added selenite and the effects of its excess on performance and blood composition of growing swine fed a corn-soybean meal diet. J Anim Sci 57 246-247. 

Changes in the complex phenomena represented by each of these terms will result in changes in the haemostatic efficiency. The significant values for K are and KJ, the critical thrombotic value and the critical haemorrhagic value. When the product of V.CjF reaches the value Kf at a certain point in the circulation, thrombosis will be initiated. When it falls to K, at a certain point in the circulation, haemorrhage will result. Anticoagulants chiefly (but not solely) affect C (the composition of the blood) to decrease haemostatic efficiency. The three factors, vessel wall, blood composition and blood flow are not completely independent. The vessel wall component is affected by blood composition and blood flow, and vice versa, and situations arise where thrombosis and haemorrhage can occur simultaneously in the circulation of the same individual. 

Blood pressure, blood flow, tissue fluid pressure Blood composition ... 

Uchiyama, T., K. Tokoi, and T. Deki. 1985. Successive changes in the blood composition of the experimental normal beagle dogs accompanied with age. Experimental Animals... 

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