Bile secretions

Purgative. Elder increases bile secretions, which causes intestinal peristalsis. Use cautiously as elder leaves can be a very intense way to clean the bowels. Fresh flowers are more purgative than dried ones. Parts used flowers, inner bark, leaves. 

Drugs in Class II have low aqueous solubility (but high membrane permeability), and any factor affecting dissolution rate would be expected to have an impact on the absorption of such compounds. Factors that are noted in Fig. 11, such as fluid pH, volume and viscosity, and bile secretion (especially in response to fatty foods), might be expected to play a role in dissolution rate and thereby affect absorption. Compounds that fall into this class include carbamazepine, cyclosporin, digoxin, griseofulvin, and spironolactone. Food would be expected to exert a potentially significant affect on... 

The return of the bile salts to the liver from the small intestine is the most potent stimulus of bile secretion. In fact, these bile salts may cycle two to five times during each meal. The intestinal hormone secretin, which is released in response to acid in the duodenum, enhances aqueous alkaline secretion by the liver. Secretin has no effect on the secretion of bile salts. During the cephalic phase of digestion, before food even reaches the stomach or intestine, parasympathetic stimulation, by way of the vagus nerve, promotes bile secretion from the liver. 

ICH S7A lists examples of GI parameters that can be measured for example, gastric secretion, GI injury potential, bile secretion, transit time in vivo, ileal contraction in vitro, gastric pH, and pooling. The list of parameters is by no means comprehensive and s leans toward assessing function rather than histopathology this inclination reflects the distribution of clinical GI ADRs, but functional assessment should not predominate at the expense of histopathology. 

Before leaving the liver, a large proportion of the bile acids are activated with CoA and then conjugated with the amino acids g/ycine or taurine (2 cf A). In this way, cholic acid gives rise to glycocholic acid and taurocholic acid. The liver bile secreted by the liver becomes denser in the gallbladder as a result of the removal of water (bladder bile 3). 

H7. Hargreaves, T., and Lathe, G. H., Inhibitory aspects of bile secretion. Nature London) 200, 1172-1176 (1963). 

Liver disease or injury may impair bile secretion and thereby lead to accumulation of certain drugs, for example probenecid, digoxin, and diethylstilbestrol. Impairment of liver function can lead to decreased rates of both drug metabolism and secretion of drugs into bile. These two processes, of course, are frequently interrelated, since many drugs are candidates for biliary secretion only after appropriate metabolism has occurred. 

Boyer JL, Graf J, and Meier PJ. Hepatic transport systems regulating pH, cell volume, and bile secretion. Ann Rev Physiol 1992 54 415-438. 

Arginine arylamidase inhibition. Water extract of the fresh twig of Olea europaea ssp. africana, at a concentration of 100 pg/mL, was active on Porphyromonas gingivalis° . Bile secretion increase. Fixed oil, administered to rats at a dose of 9% of diet, was inactive " . 

Bile secretion increase. Dried seeds, administered orally to 20 male adults with... 

Well absorbed from the G1 tract. Protein binding 26%. Undergoes extensive first-pass liver metabolism to active metabolite. Eliminated via bile, secreted into G1 tract via intestine, and excreted in urine. Removed by hemodialysis. Half-life 3-4 hr metabolite, 8-13 hr. 

Certain drugs are excreted in urine only in small amounts but appear in high concentrations in the bile for example, erythromycin, novobiocin, tetracycline, phenolphthalein etc. The abnormality or any disease related to liver may impair bile secretion which can lead to the accumulation of certain drugs like probenecid, digoxin etc. This can also lead to decreased drug metabolism and decreased rates of secretion of drugs into bile. 

N.A. Vervenin, verbenalin, volatile oil, alkaloids, mucilage, tannins.99 A tonic, mild sedative, stimulates bile secretion. 

When damp-heat obstructs bile secretion, jaundice may present. 

Herbs that regulate the function of the Spleen and Stomach, and herbs that promote bile secretion and open the Heart orifice should be used when damp-heat disturbs the functions of the Gall Bladder and Heart. 

This group of herbs can be used as deputies to transform the damp-heat from the Middle-Jiao, promote bile secretion and reduce jaundice. 

This formula can clear heat, transform dampness and reduce jaundice. It is used to treat damp-heat in the Spleen, Stomach, Liver and Gall Bladder which obstructs bile secretion. The manifestations are jaundice with a fresh tangerine color, slight abdominal distension, thirst and difficult urination, a yellow, sticky tongue coating and a deep, rapid pulse. 

As well as the above-mentioned functions, this herb has other functions that can be used as a reference in selecting herbs in a formula. It is an aromatic herb, and is able to penetrate damp-heat, clear damp-heat and promote bile secretion. It can be used as deputy in a formula when there is damp-heat in the Upper- and Middle-Jiao, the symptoms of which are fullness in the chest and epigastric region, jaundice and reduced appetite, such as in malaria and hepatitis. In addition, Yu Jin can spread the Liver-Qi, clear the Liver-heat and eliminate irritability. It can be selected to treat headache and a tight sensation in the chest caused by Qi and blood stagnation and damp-heat obstruction. 

Bile is an aqueous solution of bile salts, inorganic salts, bile pigments, fats, cholesterol, and others. The physiology of bile secretion is not simple, as it involves the active excretion of organic solutes from the blood to the bile. Bile is collected directly from the liver cells through separate channels, without being mixed with blood. The liver cell membrane incorporates extremely fine passages that permit bile secretion. 

The rate of bile secretion and the pH of the bile may also be determinants of the extent of biliary excretion of a foreign compound, and these also show species variations. The fate of... 

Impaired liver function or blocked bile secretion causes bilirubin to leak from the liver into the blood, resulting in a yellowing of the skin and eyeballs, a con-... 

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