Body composition blood

Keywords Bioimpedance spectroscopy extracellular resistance body composition Blood Alcohol Concentration... 

This chapter introduces the principles, methods and strategies for the composition of formulas that stabilize the body essence, body fluids, blood and Qi. They are used to treat abnormal discharge of the essential substances of the body and abnormal consumption of the Qi. They can also be used for the composition of formulas that stabilize the structure of the internal organs, which slip from their normal places when the Qi is deficient. 

It is possible to predict what happens to Vd when fu or fur changes as a result of physiological or disease processes in the body that change plasma and/or tissue protein concentrations. For example, Vd can increase with increased unbound toxicant in plasma or with a decrease in unbound toxicant tissue concentrations. The preceding equation explains why because of both plasma and tissue binding, some Vd values rarely correspond to a real volume such as plasma volume, extracellular space, or total body water. Finally interspecies differences in Vd values can be due to differences in body composition of body fat and protein, organ size, and blood flow as alluded to earlier in this section. The reader should also be aware that in addition to Vd, there are volumes of distribution that can be obtained from pharmacokinetic analysis of a given data set. These include the volume of distribution at steady state (Vd]SS), volume of the central compartment (Vc), and the volume of distribution that is operative over the elimination phase (Vd ea). The reader is advised to consult other relevant texts for a more detailed description of these parameters and when it is appropriate to use these parameters. 

Hossain, S.M. and Blair, R. (2007) Chitin utilization by broilers and its effect on body composition and blood metabolites. British Poultry Science 48, 33-38. 

The models were developed to simulate the physiology (e.g., blood flows and body composition) of adult rats (Table 3-6). These parameter values were then extrapolated to juvenile rats to accommodate calibration and validation data in which juvenile rats were the test organisms. The extrapolation was achieved by scaling blood flows, metabolic constants, and adipose volumes to various functions of body weight (e.g., allometric scaling). 

As discussed above, aerobic exercise produces numerous physiologic and metabolic changes in the body. Many of these changes are believed to be beneficial for prevention of heart disease. The effects on cardiopulmonary function were mentioned earlier and are clearly beneficial, as are the changes in body composition described in Chapter 9. Further, aerobic exercise appears to have positive effects on blood oholesterol and other lipids. These effects of exercise on the metabolism of lipids and the important transport particles called lipoproteins are discussed in Chapter 5. 

The distribution of medications in the body depends on factors such as blood flow, plasma protein binding, and body composition, each of which may be altered with age. For example, the volume of distribution of water-soluble drugs is decreased, whereas lipophilic drugs will exhibit an increased volume of distribution. Changes in the volume of distribution can have a direct impact on the amount of medication that needs to be given as a loading dose. 

Doehner, W., Bunck, A.C., Rauchhaus, M., von Haehling, S., Brunkhorst, F.M., Cicoira, M., Tschope, C., Ponikowski, P., Claus, R.A., and Anker, S.D., Secretory sphingomyelinase is upregulated in chronic heart failure a second messenger system of immune activation relates to body composition, muscular functional capacity and peripheral blood flow, Eur Heart J, 28 (2007) 821-828. 

The normal blood sodium level is 135 to 145 mM (millimolar). When that level drops to 125 mM, dizziness and confusion set in. A concentration below 120 mM can be critical Dangerously low levels can occur in any active athlete who is sweating out salt (NaCl) at the same time that excessive amounts of NaCl-free water are being drunk to compensate for water loss. The condition affects women more than men because of differences in body composition and patterns of metabolism. Drinking a sport drink that contains some electrolytes helps to prevent hyponatremia. 

Animal data repeatedly showed beneficial effects of CLA on cardiovascular health. These findings were repeated in humans, although not consistently. Blood lipid levels vary greatly with diet and exercise, which are more easily controlled in animal studies than in free living subjects. In addition, most human studies were designed to measure effects of CLA on body composition. Only the study by Noone et al. (81) was designed specifically to address blood lipids, and this study did show beneficial effects of CLA. 

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