Bleaches household applications

The chemical reactivity of sodium hypochlorite has been used by scientists in order to benefit from its many possible chemical interactions with inorganic or organic entities. Sodium hypochlorite is used in very strong industrial oxidation processes and is also handled by consumers for household maintenance. This chapter will deal only with household applications and uses, which range from laundry whitening and destaining to surface disinfection and deodorization. From a commercial standpoint, aqueous solutions of sodium hypochlorite have been sold worldwide for many decades under a multitude of well-known brand names and is known generically, for instance, as bleach or eau de Javel. 

This is the one example in which metal is not the substrate. Corrosion takes on a new meaning the coating here is required to protect the substrate from direct attack by corrosive substances, from water to more powerful household or industrial chemicals, such as grease, alcohols and bleach. We are concerned with the industrial application of thin protective layers to paper (e.g. labels), card (e.g. playing cards) and many wooden articles, including industrially finished doors, window frames and, particularly, furniture. 

Many other household products can be analysed in similar ways to those described above for chemicals. Household bleach is essentially an inorganic chemical. There has been concern expressed about mercury levels in hypochlorite bleach because of the way it is manufactured. The cold vapour reduction/aeration method referred to above is a good way of determining low mercury levels with minimal matrix problems [82]. In the past organo-mercurial compounds have been used (e.g. as bactericides) in some household products these may be selectively determined by extraction with an organic solvent (e.g. carbon tetrachloride or benzene), and then application of the cold-vapour method following the addition of cysteine acetate, or by coupled gas chromatography/atomic absorption [83],... 

Animals should be washed with water and dilute household bleach (5% sodium hypochlorite) as soon as possible. Application of a 5% BAL ointment within 15 min can be effective in diminishing the blistering effects of lewisite (Smith, 1999). Remove BAL ointment with soap and water after 5 min. Leaving the ointment on can cause stinging, itching, or urticaria. Bums should be managed with pain control, antibiotics, and debriding as needed. 

Cleaning and Preparation. LFCB The LFCB should be allowed to run for at least 30 min before the commencement of aseptic operations. All work-zone accessible surfaces, with the exception of the filter-protective screen, should be cleaned and sanitized by application and recovery of a low-residuing, water-base disinfectant cleanser (household bleach or other hypochlorite solutions should not be used at any time... 

Treatment of skin lesions also follows decontamination and removal of clothes. Decontamination should be completed within 15 min after exposure to minimize any systemic effects. Contaminated hair should be shaved off. The decontaminating solutions should be washed off within 3-4 min to prevent additional skin injury. Sodium hypochlorite (5%) or liquid household bleach can be used. If erythema is already present, soap and water are preferred. Blisters should be left intact, but if broken, should be debrided to prevent secondary infection. Cleansing with tap water or saline and the application of dressings is done when needed. Silver sulfadiazine or mafenide acetate can be applied and the wounds treated as burn wounds. Infected skin wounds require antibiotics as appropriate. 

Sand (Applicable to email vital areas only) Beaehes, deserts. e Flush with water. Spread STB or spray slurry over surface. e Weather. Cover paths with roofing paper. Scrape off to tO cm (2 to 4 inches) of contaminated top layer. e Bum. e Wet with water (wdheJp prevent secondly aerosols, but does not deeon). eAppty 2% household bleach solution, e Apply slurry of 7 parte STB and S3 parts water toy weight), e Apply sodium hydroxide. Same as for earth. 

Sodium hypochlorite (SO-dee-um hye-po-KLOR-ite) is the active ingredient in liquid chlorine bleaches, used in the home and many industries to whiten fabric and other materials and to disinfect surfaces and water. The anhydrous compound is very unstable and explodes readily. The pentahydrate is a pale-green crystalline solid that is relatively stable. The compound is usually made available as an aqueous solution that contains anywhere from 3 to 6 percent sodium hypochlorite (for household use) to as high as 30 percent (for industrial applications). In solution form, sodium hypochlorite is quite stable and can be stored for long periods of time out of sunlight. 

OTHER COMMENTS used as mild chlorinating agent, as a disinfectant in water treatment, and as an industrial deodorant an active ingredient of household laundry bleach utilized as a chemical intermediate for amino acids, pharmaceuticals, and insecticides use as a stabilizing agent for vinyl chloride polymers applications as a catalyst in polymerization reactions. 

Decontamination procedures must be well known to all chemical workers. The training class should present the M258 and M291 kits and their contents and make clear the use of household bleach in the decontamination process. Current doctrine specifies that in a tactical environment 0.5% bleach be used for skin decontamination. In depot operations, however, 5% bleach is used. This stronger concentration may be used because workers exposed at the depot will be decontaminated and then thoroughly rinsed in a fixed facility in a relatively short time. Soldiers in the field, however, may be decontaminated several times and not be rinsed thoroughly for several hours. Repeated applications of 5% bleach without a complete and thorough rinse will cause skin injury. 

This chapter will cover low-temperature bleach activators, catalysts utilizing peroxide or atmospheric oxygen for the oxidation reaction, and oxygen transfer agents that act as performance boosters for common bleach systems. Optimum conditions of use to maximize performance and avoid negative secondary reactions are described. Special attention is given to the various finishing processes, application forms, and delivery concepts that enable sensitive bleach components to be incorporated in household products, improve stain removal performance, and deliver an attractive appearance for consumers. 

Aliphatic tertiary amines can be oxidised to A-oxides using 35% w/w H2O2 alone [149], typically in water at 1.1 1.0 molar ratio for 4-5 hours at 60-65°C (example for dodecyldimethylamine). This reaction is employed worldwide on a scale in excess of 25 ktpa, to make fatty amine oxides, which are used as surfactants [150] in personal care products (e.g. shampoos) and as thickener components in hypochlorite household bleach. N-Methylmorpholine A-oxide has a growing use as a solvent for cellulose in the manufacture of a new cellulose fibre [151]. Substituted oxazolidine N-oxides are relatively new user-friendly biocides [152]. A further application involving an aliphatic tertiary amine oxide intermediate is glyphosate manufacture (section 9.5.1.7.6). 

Hydrogen peroxide is used industrially to bleach wood pulp, textiles, straw, and leather. It is also used extensively in pollution control efforts. It is a valuable reagent in the syntheses of both organic chemicals (epoxides, peroxy compounds, and oxides) and inorganic chemicals (perborates and percarbondates). Familiar domestic uses of dilute 3% solutions of hydrogen peroxide include its application as a hair bleach and as a mild disinfectant. The efficacy of H2O2 as an antiseptic and bacteriocide is, however, somewhat dubious consequently, the household use of peroxide has declined in recent years. 

Sodium hypochlorite [II, 21.2.2d. Sodium hypochlorite is a clear, slightly yellow liquid aqueous. Household bleach has active concentrations between 5.25 and 6.00% whereas concentrations of 5 to 15% are used in the industry. Most commercial applications use the more concentrated solutions. One gallon of sodium hypochlorite yields approximately the same quantity of active chlorine as one pound of chlorine gas. 

Regarding volatile chlorinated products, although undesirable chloroform (CHQ3) formation has resulted in the reduction of high-volume direct applications of concentrated hypochlorite, as in the bleaching of wood pulp [18], the use of household bleach was found to contribute only a minor amoimt (1.6%) of the total atmospheric chloroform emissions in southern California [19]. 

---