Household maintenance

Most household maintenance products contain mixtures of lipophiles and hydrophiles that can produce unanticipated toxic effects. Irritant-induced asthma is an example of such an effect. Solvent-based and waterborne paints contain solvents that are nonsensitizing irritants that are individually not known to induce asthma. Despite this, exposures to both types of paints have been shown to cause the asthma-like condition reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS).I13 14 RADS is discussed in detail in Chapterl8. 

Household maintenance is in direct connection with the human food chain, and involves the use of many cleaning agents and detergents that are rich in phosphorus. 

These are in-the-field studies that have been adopted from anthropology research. The researchers are embedded to some level with the users and gamer data on how they interact in real life with the products or systems under study or similar products or systems or to identify the need for such products. In an ethnographic study of independent elders, Forhzzi et al. [2004] identified two groups of elders, well and declining, using characteristics of mobihty, cognitive function, and household maintenance. 

Other industrial applications include the fabrication of two-part epoxy resins (similar to those commonly found in household maintenance stores) [95-97], These were synthesized using triglycerides and diamines. These resins are often used as adhesives these have also been studied using soybean oil, which provided beneficial properties in terms of fast curing, thermal stability and ease of removal (peel strength) [98], A blend of divinylbenzene/styrene/tung oil mix gave a polyurethane-based material which behaved like a smart polymer with shape memory behaviour [66]. 

The chemical reactivity of sodium hypochlorite has been used by scientists in order to benefit from its many possible chemical interactions with inorganic or organic entities. Sodium hypochlorite is used in very strong industrial oxidation processes and is also handled by consumers for household maintenance. This chapter will deal only with household applications and uses, which range from laundry whitening and destaining to surface disinfection and deodorization. From a commercial standpoint, aqueous solutions of sodium hypochlorite have been sold worldwide for many decades under a multitude of well-known brand names and is known generically, for instance, as bleach or eau de Javel. 

There are two basic segments in the floor care market the household market which has been declining as a result of changing lifestyles and no-wax floors, and the industrial and institutional (I I) market. Whereas trends in the former have stressed convenience, the I I market, which has been hoi ding fairly steady, has focused on labor saving, either through increased durabihty or faster maintenance. 

The efficient heat pump reduces energy use by 1,676 kWh per year on average. Is the efficient model heat pump a good investment Suppose the incremental cost of the efficient unit, as compared with the less efficient unit, is 1,000, and electricity cost 10 cents per kWh. With this price of electricity, the efficient heat pump reduces electricity costs by 167.60 per year. Taking a simplified approach for purposes of illustration and assuming that each unit lasts indefinitely and has no repair, maintenance, or replacement costs, and ignoring possible tax effects, the internal rate of return may be calculated as 1,000= 167.60/r, which is 16.76 percent per year. If the household can borrow money at, say, 10 percent per year and earn 16.76 percent, the investment makes economic sense. If we assume a 10 percent discount rate, the present value of the investment is 1,676, which exceeds the initial investment cost. The net present value is 676, which indicates that the investment is feasible. 

A special feature of PACE-T(H2) is the implementation of passenger cars as a durable consumption good, i.e., there is a separate stock of automobile capital. Households do not consume cars, as such, but transport services, which are produced with various inputs. The value of these services is composed of capital services of the automobile stock present in the respective economy, fuel and expenditure for repair and maintenance. Car lifetime is assumed to be 12 years for all cars. The model distinguishes between three different size classes for cars. These are small, medium and large cars, which are powered by either a conventional technology or hydrogen. 

The chemical product used in the design project (chapter 12) is a household appliance designed to deliver clean air by removing and killing airborne microorganisms, and converting carbon monoxide and common VOCs found indoor into harmless carbon dioxide and water. It also dehumidifies indoor air and maintains a comfortable humidity level that suppresses fungal proliferation. The appliance is intended to maintain its performance without maintenance for at least two years and is expected to have a functional life of at least five years. The product contains an active formulation of (1) low temperature oxidation catalyst, (2) VOCs adsorbent and (c) desiccant. 

There is a range of uses in industrial and institutional cleaners, which, in many cases, mirror those in household applications. While maintenance activities are important, surfactants find use in many industries in cleaning the equipment or products which are made. Electronics, food and metal product manufacturing are some examples of this kind of application. Restaurants, hospitals, hotels, as well as factories and offices regularly employ surfactants to maintain the health and safety of people utilising these facilities. A distinct industry has evolved to supply products in these applications where leaders include Ecolab and Johnson-Diversey but many, many more producers are also involved. Surfactant producers supply these companies with bulk surfactants and blends which are compounded into products for discrete applications. 

Table 2. Distribution Costs from the Local Substation to a Residential Household Including Capital, Operating, and Maintenance Costs ...

Water is abundant in the Amazon, and nearly all living things in the basin are somehow dependent on this abundance. From the standpoint of development and conservation, the most crucial issue in water management is water quality. Clean water is fundamental to the maintenance of the Amazon s unique aquatic ecosystems and to the health of its people, who rely on surface water to satisfy their household water needs and to provide fish and other aquatic plants and organisms for their nutritional needs. Water quality is intricately linked to biogeochemical reactions such as the dissolution and decomposition of... 

Besides the indoor air pollution caused by residential energy consumption, decorating and refurbishing materials, and building materials, indoor air pollutants also come from other sources, such as environmental tobacco smoking, products for household cleaning and maintenance, human metabolism, and outdoor contaminated air, as in any other country. See other chapters of this volume for discussions of the characteristics of indoor air pollution caused by these sources. 

Output from [category] Food and kindred product [14] Apparel [18] Furniture and fixtures [22 + 23] Drugs, cleaning, and toilet preparations [29A+29B] Maintenance and repair construction [11 +12] Household appliances [54] Motor vehicles, truck and bus bodies, trailers parts [59A + 59B]... 

Hauthal, G. and Wagner, G. (2003) Household Cleaning, Care and Maintenance Products. Verlag f. Chemische Industrie, Augsburg, Germany. 

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