Bismuth chloride-zinc

Zinc chloride is much less reactive than aluminum chloride and usually requires higher reaction temperatures. However, it has the advantage that, unlike aluminum chloride, it is less sensitive to moisture and can sometimes even be used in aqueous media.88 Concentrated aqueous solutions of ferric chloride, bismuth chloride, zinc bromide, stannous chloride, stannic chloride, and antimony chloride are also alkylation catalysts, particularly in the presence of hydrochloric acid.89... 

The desilverized alloy now contains bismuth as well as lead and zinc. To remove the lead and zinc, advantage is taken of the fact that zinc and lead chlorides are formed before bismuth chloride [7787-60-2], BiCl3, when the alloy is treated at 500°C with chlorine gas. Zinc chloride [7646-85-7], ZnCl, forms first, and after its removal lead chloride [7758-95-4], PbCl2, forms preferentially. This process is continued until the desired level of lead removal has been reached. The bismuth is given a final oxidation with air and caustic soda the refined product has a purity of 99.999%. 

The redistribution reaction in lead compounds is straightforward and there are no appreciable side reactions. It is normally carried out commercially in the liquid phase at substantially room temperature. However, a catalyst is required to effect the reaction with lead compounds. A number of catalysts have been patented, but the exact procedure as practiced commercially has never been revealed. Among the effective catalysts are activated alumina and other activated metal oxides, triethyllead chloride, triethyllead iodide, phosphorus trichloride, arsenic trichloride, bismuth trichloride, iron(III)chloride, zirconium(IV)-chloride, tin(IV)chloride, zinc chloride, zinc fluoride, mercury(II)chloride, boron trifluoride, aluminum chloride, aluminum bromide, dimethyl-aluminum chloride, and platinum(IV)chloride 43,70-72,79,80,97,117, 131,31s) A separate catalyst compound is not required for the exchange between R.jPb and R3PbX compounds however, this type of uncatalyzed exchange is rather slow. Again, the products are practically a random mixture. 

The arsenomolybdenum blue method was applied for determination of arsenic in biological materials [7,17,60,61], plants [24], water [24,62-64], silicates [20], petroleum products, organic compounds [24,65], steel [15,66], antimony [2,3,67,68], antimony and gallium chlorides [69], bismuth [18], zinc [70], zinc and lead concentrates [71], tungsten [72], copper alloys [73], gold and platinum [34], silicon [74], selenium [75], and boron [76]. 

Zinc bismuthate Zn(Bi03)2, readily obtained as a light brown solid from sodium bismuthate and zinc chloride, has been successfully employed for the oxidation of alcohols, thiols, thioethers and oximes (Scheme 5.8) [92BCJ1131, 94SC489]. The yields are comparable with or better than those of the barium permanganate and pyridinium chlorochromate oxidations. 

Although the reaction mechanism is not clear at present, the intermediate formation of allylbismuth species through the oxidative addition of allylic halide to Bi(0) generated in situ has been proposed [90BCJ1738], The generation of metallic bismuth by the reduction of bismuth chloride with metallic zinc is known [58DOK(122)614]. A plausible catalytic cycle with... 

Cross-coupling reaction between aldehydes and a-diketones with bismuth chloride and metallic zinc typical procedure... 

Distribution coefficients may be further modified and operating temperatures reduced by dissolving uranium fuel in a low-melting metal such as bismuth or zinc. Separation of uranium from fission products by liquid extraction between molten bismuth and fused chlorides was extensively studied at Brookhaven National Laboratory [D5] in connection with the liquid-metal fuel reactor (LMFR), which used a dilute solution of in bismuth as fuel. Extraction of fission products from molten plutonium by fused chlorides was studied at Los Alamos [L2] in connection with the LAMPRE reactor. 

Aluminum chloride, ferric chloride, bismuth trichloride, zinc chloride, and stannic chloride have been variously employed to catalyze the reaction. 

Bismuth(III) chloride-zinc ktdid Allyl ketones. The metal 1 catalyzing the acylation of allylsila... 

The phosphonium iodides form addition products with the iodides of mercury, bismuth and thallium, and also vdth bismuth chloride. Perhalides, R PI.Xg, are formed when halogens react with the iodides, these products, like the original iodides, having well-defined crystalline forms moist silver oxide removes the iodine, gnung the corresponding hydroxides. Like the arsonium chlorides the tetra-alkylphosphonium chlorides tend to be deliquescent, but they yield crystalline double salts vdth the chlorides of gold, mercury, platinum, bismuth and zinc. When two molecular equivalents of triethylphosphine react with one molecular equivalent of methylene chloride, ethylene dichloride or ethylene dibromide, phosphonium compounds result in which two atoms of phosphorus are present. 

Baryta white. See Barium sulfate Baryta yellow. See Barium chromate Barytes. See Barium sulfate Basic bismuth chloride. See Bismuth oxychloride Basic copper sulfate. See Cupric sulfate anhydrous Basic lead silica chromate. See Lead silicochromate Basic lead white silicate. See Lead silicate Basic zinc chromate. See Zinc chromate Battery acid. See Sulfuric acid... 

Ostwald s first publication was on the equilibrium in the hydrolysis of bismuth chloride, which, as in the cases of the solubilities of zinc sulphide and calcium oxalate in acids, he found to obey the law of mass action. In the work with calcium oxalate he found that the different solubilities of the different forms of the solid phase could influence the results. ... 

Antimony(V)-chloride 266 Zinc chloride 22 Bismuth chloride... 

SAFT Corporation of America, 50 Rockefeller Plaza, New York 10020, New York also, 107 Beaver Court, Lockeysville, Maryland Primary batteries, zinc-alkaline, zinc-alkaline manganese dioxide, carbon-zinc Leclanche, lithium types (lithium-lead bismuthate, lithium-silver chromate) secondary batteries, nickel-cadmium, iithium-copper oxyphosphate, lithium-thionyl chloride, zinc-air, thermal-cells, water-activated batteries. 

Chlor-wasserstoffsaure, /. hydrochloric acid, -wismut, n. bismuth (tri)chloride. -zink, n. zinc chloride, -zinn, n. tin chloride. 

If no depolariser is added to an acidic chloride solution, corrosion of the anode occurs and the dissolved platinum is deposited on the cathode, leading to erroneous results and to destruction of the anode. A number of metals (for example, zinc and bismuth) should not be deposited on a platinum surface. 

V. H. Aprahamian and D. G. Demopoulos, The Solution Chemistry and Solvent Extraction Behaviour of copper, iron, nickel, zinc, lead, tin, Ag, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, selenium and tellurium in Acid Chloride Solutions Reviewed from the Standpoint of PGM Refining, Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, Vol. 14, p. 143,1995. 

Rubidium metal alloys with the other alkali metals, the alkaline-earth metals, antimony, bismuth, gold, and mercury. Rubidium forms double halide salts with antimony, bismuth, cadmium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, thorium, and zinc. These complexes are generally water insoluble and not hygroscopic. The soluble rubidium compounds are acetate, bromide, carbonate, chloride, chromate, fluoride, formate, hydroxide, iodide,... 

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