Bird, The

Histomoniasis is caused by the protozoan, Histomonas mekagridis found ia the Hver and cecum of birds. The protozoans from the cecum are more iafective than those from the Hver. Transmission primarily occurs by ingestion of the eggs of the cecal worm, Heterakisgallinanum which carries the protozoan and can survive several years ia the sod. 

Pyrethroids show very marked selective toxicity (Table 12.2). They are highly toxic to terrestrial and aquatic arthropods and to fish, but only moderately toxic to rodents, and less toxic still to birds. The selectivity ratio between bees and rodents is 10,000- to 100,000-fold with topical application of the insecticides. They therefore appear to be environmentally safe so far as terrestrial vertebrates are concerned. There are, inevitably, concerns about their possible side effects in aquatic systems, especially on invertebrates. 

Note Mean values given for birds the number of species tested is given in brackets. 

In bacteria and plants, the individual enzymes of the fatty acid synthase system are separate, and the acyl radicals are found in combination with a protein called the acyl carrier protein (ACP). However, in yeast, mammals, and birds, the synthase system is a multienzyme polypeptide complex that incorporates ACP, which takes over the role of CoA. It contains the vitamin pantothenic acid in the form of 4 -phosphopan-tetheine (Figure 45-18). The use of one multienzyme functional unit has the advantages of achieving the effect of compartmentalization of the process within the cell without the erection of permeability barriers, and synthesis of all enzymes in the complex is coordinated since it is encoded by a single gene. 

Other applications — P-carotene is used in various pet foods as both a colorant and a precursor to vitamin A. It can be applied to an array of animal foods designed for dogs, cats, fish, and birds. The antioxidant and precursory vitamin A properties increase the appeal and application of P-carotene in pet foods. Additionally, P-carotene is an important carotenoid that may assist in improving the color of birds, fish, and crustaceans. Dunaliella salina can serve as a source of algal feed for fish and crustaceans. The microalgae provide carotenoids that are essential for flesh coloring, particularly of salmon and crustaceans. 

Histaminergic neurons have been found in the hypothalamus or diencephalon of a variety of vertebrate brains, including those of fish, snake, turtle and bird. The brain histaminergic system of zebrafish has been studied in... 

Cosson, R.P. 1989. Relationships between heavy metal and metallothionein-like protein levels in the liver and kidney of two birds the greater flamingo and the little egret. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 94C 243-248. 

BIRD. The first requirement is that since BIRD is a very slow-heating method the observation time has to be long (seconds or minutes). Second, the pressure has to be low (<10-6 torr) so that the risk of dissociation due to collisions with the background gas is negligible. There are close similarities between BIRD and another slow-heating method, IRMPD. 

The major substrates for amino acid conjugation are benzoic acid and related aromatic carboxylic acids such as phenylacetic acid, phenoxyacetic acid, cinnamic acid, etc. (21). In humans, the major amino acid utilized in the conjugation is glycine however, glutamine and taurine can also be cofactors. In birds, the major amino acid utilized is ornithine. 

The science of nutrition, up to the present time, has been concerned largely with basic facts which apply to all mammals and to particular species of mammals (as well as birds). The broader aspects of nutrition apply with considerable uniformity to many species, and there is plenty of room yet for research and discovery in this area. Narrowing down the field somewhat, the study of human nutrition has been concerned with what applies to all human beings, and this field of research likewise has by no means been exhausted. Nutrition in future decades will, if the genetotrophic principle is sound and as important as our data indicate, turn its attention more and more to understanding and supplying individual needsneeds that quantitatively do not apply to all humanity but are more or less distinctive and crucial for individuals. 

Wet litter in broiler houses is undesirable, because it affects the climatic conditions for the fast-growing birds. The theoretical conclusion is that insulating the floor could prevent condensation, especially in situations where there is a high ground water level. The first trials and their findings are reported on below. 

Ferritin iron cores, or polynuclear iron complexes in lipid vesicles or in matrices of protein and complex carbohydrates, appear to be the precursors of minerals such as hematite and magnetite that form in certain bacteria (31), marine Invertebrates (22), insects, and birds. The conversion from ferrltin-llke iron cores requires partial changes in the oxidation state of and/or ordering of the iron atoms, and may depend on some of the natural variations in ferritin core structure. 

In birds, the trigeminal nerve appears to play a role in food selection. Starlings more easily accepted commercial feed treated with otherwise avoided coniferyl benzoate after bilateral section of the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve. Therefore, the trigeminal nerve may help to protect the animal by detecting plant defense compounds. Many of these compounds are astringent or irritating (Jakubas and Mason, 1991). 

Social odors have rarely been reported in birds. The respiration rate of wedge-tailed shearwaters Puffinus pacificus) increases in response to the odor of an unfamiliar conspecific (Shallenberger, 1975). Domestic ducks altered social and sexual behavior after bilateral section of the olfactory nerve, or after treatment with amyl acetate or ethyl acrylate (Balthazart and Schoffeniels, 1979). Some bird species are known for their strong characteristic odors. For instance. 

---