Theoretical conclusions

At X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) of samples of the limited weight is perspective to prepare for specimens as polymeric films on a basis of methylcellulose [1]. By the example of definition of heavy metals in film specimens have studied dependence of intensity of X-ray radiation from their chemical compound, surface density (P ) and the size (D) particles of the powder introduced to polymer. Have theoretically established, that the basic source of an error of results XRF is dependence of intensity (F) analytical lines of determined elements from a specimen. Thus the best account of variations P provides a method of the internal standard at change P from 2 up to 6 mg/sm the coefficient of variation describing an error of definition Mo, Zn, Cu, Co, Fe and Mn in a method of the direct external standard, reaches 40 %, and at use of a method of the internal standard (an element of comparison Ga) value does not exceed 2,2 %. Experiment within the limits of a casual error (V changes from 2,9 up to 7,4 %) has confirmed theoretical conclusions. 

Vetter, K. J. and Strehblow, H. H., Formation and Shape of Pitting Corrosion Pits in Iron and Theoretical Conclusions on Pitting Corrosion , Ber. Bunsenges Phys. Chem., 74, 1024 (1970) C.A., 74, 8865j... 

Ritchie and Sager (124) distinguish three types of reaction series according to whether the Hammett equation or the isokinetic relationship is obeyed, or both. The result that the former can be commonly valid without the latter seems to be based on previous incorrect statistical methods and contradicts the theoretical conclusions. Probably both equations are much more frequently valid together than was anticipated. The last case, when the isokinetic relationship holds and the Hammett equation does not, may be quite common, of course, and has a clear meaning. Such a series meets the condition for an extrathermo-dynamic treatment when enough experimental material accumulates, it is only necessary to define a new kind of substituent constant. 

For completeness it should be mentioned that some of the theoretical conclusions for SECMIT are analogous to earlier treatments for the transient and steady-state response for a membrane-covered inlaid disk UME, which was investigated for the development of microscale Clark oxygen sensors [62-65]. An analytical solution for the steady-state diffusion-limited problem has also been proposed [66,67]. 

Miscellaneous examples of a-n interactions are listed in the following and in Fig. 7.41. The theoretical conclusion serves in some cases as the explanation of experience in relation to the direction of stereoselection and in some cases as prediction. 

The theoretical conclusion they reach is that the system of grants, or optional grants, especially those related to sales information, is an alternative that represents an improvement on the patent system inasmuch as it allows incentives to be attached to innovation without the need for a monopoly power. Further research will be necessary before this method can be adopted on a practical and experimental level. 

These data reveal that in the case of the methyl derivative, the tetrazole form is substantially more stable than the azide, whereas a dominant preference for the azide form was found with some other substituents. These theoretical conclusions are nicely supported by the experimental findings. 

It is necessary now to find out whether my theoretical conclusion is supported by experimental evidence in fact, there are many results for bulk polymerizations that indicate a first-order growth reaction. The experimental support that I seek would be found in the shape of the curves relating the conversion, Y, to the total received dose of radiation or to the time at a constant dose-rate. If the polymerizations are of zero order with respect to m, the conversion curves will be rectilinear instead of concave to the dose (or time) axis. Rectilinear conversion curves are actually much more common than first-order type curves, and some instances of this behaviour are listed in Table 1. In example 8 of Table 1 the experimental points are actually on a straight line, but a curve has been drawn past them. 

Wet litter in broiler houses is undesirable, because it affects the climatic conditions for the fast-growing birds. The theoretical conclusion is that insulating the floor could prevent condensation, especially in situations where there is a high ground water level. The first trials and their findings are reported on below. 

This means that 4-nitrostilbene is a more effective electron acceptor than nitrobenzene. This theoretical conclusion is verified by experiments. The charge-transfer complexes formed by nitrobenzene or 4-nitrostilbene with Af,Af-dimethylaniline have stability constants of 0.085 L mol or 0.296 L mol respectively. Moreover, the formation of the charge-transfer complex between cis-4-nitrostilbene and A/,Af-dimethylaniline indeed results in cis-to-trans conversion (Dyusengaliev et al. 1995). This conversion proceeds slowly in the charge-transfer complex, but runs rapidly after one-electron transfer leading to the nitrostilbene anion-radical (Todres 1992). The cis trans conversion of ion-radicals will be considered in detail later, (see sections 3.2.5.1, 6.4, and 8.2.1). 

Another analytical dilemma is the problem of in vitro and in vivo conditions. Alkaloids should be studied in their physiological conditions in organisms. This is not possible in many cases. In vitro experiments give compromised data. Theoretical conclusions and hypotheses in analysis, although they are in many cases indicators of a new breakthrough, also have some problems and some risks. 

The theoretical conclusion that the cyclopropyl-methyl and cyclobutyl cations have similar energies and a low barrier to interconversion has been confirmed by low temperature NMR studies of these ions ... 

To check this essential theoretical conclusion, special experiments were performed [31]. We have studied the collapse of weakly charged copolymers of AA with SMA in the mixture of water with isopropanol. The results of the experiments are shown in Figs. 26, 27 In the swollen state, the composition of the solvent in the gel is practically the same as in the surrounding solution. After... 

Kury et al (Ref 7) on the basis of theoretical considerations of 2-D detonations in metal cylinders, conclude that the terminal cylinder expansion velocity is reached after about a twofold radial expansion. Their exptl results (Refs 7 13) for Comp B, HMX, and many HMX mixts justify this theoretical conclusion... 

Surface Area. Given a particular affinity of the adsorbent surface for the dissolved solute, the effectiveness of the solid adsorbent for accumulation is directly proportional to the surface area. This theoretical conclusion is supported by experimental results from many laboratories, only a few of which are cited (143, 181, 207, 423). The value of surface area was realized first in the early investigations of activated carbons (1-4) and later in the initial studies of synthetic polymers (76, 78, 116). The first polymer investigations relied on the work of Kun and Kunin (539), who introduced the macroporous... 

One of the main consequence of Eq. (28) must be the independence of intrachain energy contribution on the deformation ratio. The majority of thermoelastic investigations that have been carefully analysed 7,20,29) confirm this theoretical conclusion. However, in some studies dealing with the thermoelasticity of NR, EPR and some other rubbers, a dependence of fu/f is found at small deformation ratios... 

It is recognized that there are unproven points in this postulated mechanism. The role of the triplet state in the isomerization (if that is the competitive process) is in agreement with theoretical conclusions drawn by Bryce-Smith and Longuet-Higgins44 and can also be considered as an extension of the ideas of Farenhorst.45 An examination of mechanism indicates that kinetic data probably will not make it possible to decide whether isomerization occurs from the singlet or from the triplet state. Certainly there is no experimental evidence that the triplet state is involved, and indeed vibrational energy regardless of electronic state may be the crucial factor. 

At this point we have to ask why this low exponent of v = 1/4 is experimentally observed in contrast to the inevitably theoretical conclusion. Two facts have to be taken into consideration ... 

In conclusion we would like to mention that in order to verify the assumptions and conclusions made in this paper, it would be useful to perform a set of experiments on flame propagation at zero gravity with the visualization of flow in channels and tubes and with artificially created local disturbance. Similar experiments seem to be able to verify the basic theoretical conclusions of the present paper under appropriate conditions because the buoyancy usually affects the hydrodynamics of flow dining the combustion and the flame front stability in the essential way. 

We have confined this review only to interpolymer interactions although it is obvious that a number of theoretical conclusions concerning such interactions, are, at least qualitatively, applicable to interactions of macromolecules with the surface of different types of particles. 

In the case of the FeNi3-H alloy at temperature T 500°C the atomic order-disorder phase transition takes place. In this alloy in accordance with Eq. (25) for f0 with the value of dissolution heat (see Table 2), the atomic order must increase the hydrogen solubility. This theoretical conclusion is also in accordance with the experimental data. 

Comparison of the consequences following from the physicochemical and purely diffusional approaches is given to show that the latter is one of the limiting cases of the former. Theoretical conclusions are illustrated by the available experimental data on the formation of intermetallics, silicides, oxides, salts and other chemical compounds. 

The experimental data have been invoked in the minimal necessary amount in order to illustrate theoretical conclusions and consequences. This appears to be sufficiently justified since usually any actively working specialist is aware of the state of affairs with experiment in the field very well. Again, for students and post-graduates, an excess amount of experimental data, often contradictory, seems to be undesirable or even harmful, giving an impression of the lack of any order in science. Those readers, who wish to have more details, are referred to original works indicated in the list of references, relatively long but of course not exhaustive. 

This and many other similar conclusions reinforced the idea that phenotypic evolution, molecular evolution and macroevolution all took place almost exclusively by natural selection and only minimally by genetic drift. This theoretical conclusion, known as selectionism, or more precisely panselectionism, became increasingly popular in the 1940s and 1950s, and up until the 1960s there was no serious alternative. In the 1960s, however, it became possible to make direct measurements of the molecular parameters, and the results turned out to be quite different from those predicted by selectionism. 

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