Amino acids utilization

Intravenous replacement solutions are a source of electrolytes and water for hydration (Normosol M Ringer s Injection, Lactated Ringer s, Plasma-Lyte R), and used to facilitate amino acid utilization and maintain electrolyte balance (Lypholyte, Multilyte, TPN Electrolytes). Dextrose and electrolyte solutions such as Plasma-Lyte R and 5% dextrose are used as a parenteral source of electrolytes, calories, or water for hydration. Invert sugar-electrolyte solutions, such as Multiple Electrolytes and Travert 5% and 10%, contain equal parts of dextrose and fructose and are used as a source of calories and hydration. 

Heger J, Van Phung T and Krizova L (2002), Efficiency of amino acid utilization in the growing pig at suboptimal levels of intake lysine, threonine, sulphur amino acids and tryptophan , J Anim Physiol An N, 86, 153-165. 

The major substrates for amino acid conjugation are benzoic acid and related aromatic carboxylic acids such as phenylacetic acid, phenoxyacetic acid, cinnamic acid, etc. (21). In humans, the major amino acid utilized in the conjugation is glycine however, glutamine and taurine can also be cofactors. In birds, the major amino acid utilized is ornithine. 

Schoenheimer s concept of the dynamic state of body proteins did not remain unchallenged. In 1955, Monod and co-workers studied the origin of amino acids utilized for the synthesis of newly induced j8-galactosidase in growing E. coli [4]. 

The oxidation state of thiazolines and oxazolines can be adjusted by additional tailoring enzymes. For instance, oxidation domains (Ox) composed of approximately 250 amino acids utilize the cofactor FMN (flavin mononucleotide) to form aromatic oxazoles and thiazoles from oxazolines and thiazolines, respectively. Such domains are likely utilized in the biosynthesis of the disorazoles, " diazonimides, bleomycin, and epothiolone. The typical domain organization for a synthetase containing an oxidation domain is Cy-A-PCP-Ox however, in myxothiazol biosynthesis one oxidation domain is incorporated into an A domain. Alternatively, NRPSs can utilize NAD(P)H reductase domains to convert thiazolines and oxazolines into thiazolidines and oxazolidines, respectively. For instance, PchC is a reductase domain from the pyochelin biosynthetic pathway that acts in trans to reduce a thiazolyinyl-Y-PCP-bound intermediate to the corresponding thiazolidynyl-Y-PCP. ... 

Immediate versus 24 hr Effects upon Amino Acid Utilization Following Short-Term Ozone Exposure. To work with appreciable differences between control and ozonated discs, the respective seedlings were ozonated for 90 min at 45 5 pphm ozone, and... 

Table II. Temperature-sensitivity of amino acid utilization in soybean...

Table III Immediate and delayed effects of ozonation upon amino acid utilization...

Some amino acids utilize only one codon of the 64 in the genetic code. Other amino acids use as many as six codons (Tables 5-5,5-6). What advantages to a cell is provided by utilization of several codons for a single amino acid ... 

Many biologically important routes of amino acid utilization, other than those leading to incorporation into proteins, are known. Some of these routes are distinctly anabolic pathways in which the amino acids serve as an initial substrate in an independent biosynthetic pathway. Other simple pathways involve the conversion of one amino acid to another, such as the formation of tyrosine from phenylalanine. The utilization of glycine in the formation of porphyrin derivatives occurs by very complex highly branched pathways. Some other biologically important pathways lead to the biosynthesis of small peptides as in the biosynthesis of glutathione. 

Fig. 5. Electropherograms of a mixture of six FITC labeled amino acids utilizing 5 and 24 mm separation length recorded at 1060 V/cm. Sample was injected and separated on the glass chip depicted in Fig. 3 (reprinted with permission from [19]. Copyright 1993 American Chemical Society)...

Butler M, Thilly WG (1982), MDCK microcarrier cultures seeding density effects and amino acid utilization, In Vitro 18 213-219. 

Paerl, H.W. (1991) Ecophysiological and trophic implications of light-stimulated amino acid utilization in marine picoplankton. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57, 473-479. 

Fife as we know it builds its proteins primarily from the same 20 amino acids, although there are many other amino acids that might have been utilized. While it is important that the collection of amino acids used in proteins includes a sufficient number of small, large, hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and charged amino acids, the exact identities of the amino acids in each of these classes may not be critical. Moreover, the amino acids utilized for protein synthesis by familiar life are all F-amino acids, and there is no reason to think that D-amino acids could not have been utilized instead. 

Mommsen, T.P., C.J. French, and P.W. Hochachka (1980). Sites and patterns of protein and amino acid utilization during the spawning migration of salmon. Can. J. Zool. 58 1785-1799. 

Palenik, B., and Morel, F. M. M. (1990a). Amino acid utilization by marine phytoplankton A novel mechanism. Limnol. Oceanogr. 35, 260—269. 

HeUio, C., Veron, B., and Le Gal, Y. (2004). Amino acid utilization by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Specific study of histidine. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 42, 257—264. 

Two non-specific amino acid oxidases namely, L-amino acid and D-amino acid oxidases catalyse the oxidation of L md D-amino acids utilizing FAD as their coenzymes. 

H. C. Wong, P. AUenza, and T. C. Lessie, Hydroxy-amino acid utilization and -ketobutyrate toxicity in Pseudomonas cepacia, f. Bacterid, 144 441 (1980). 

Buzsaky F, Lie K Lindner-Olsson E (1989) Amino acid utilization by hamster cells during continuous perfusion. In Spier RE, Griffiths JB, Stephenne J Crooy PJ (eds) Advances in Animal Cell Biology and Technology for Bioprocesses, pp. 252-256. Butterworth, Oxford. 

A new strategy for the synthesis of heterocyclic a-amino acids utilizing the Hantzsch dihydropyridine synthesis was developed in the laboratory of A. Dondoni." ° The enantiopure oxazolidinyl keto ester was condensed with benzaldehyde and fert-butyl amino crotonate in the presence of molecular sieves in 2-methyl-2-propanol to give a 85% yield of diastereomeric 1,4-dihydropyridines. The acetonide protecting group was removed and the resulting amino alcohol was oxidized to the target 2-pyridyl a-alanine derivative. 

Periportal zone/Zone 1 Glucose release Oxidative energy metabolism Amino acid utilization Protection against oxidants Bile acid uptake and excretion Bilirubin excretion... 

Monteiro, F.F. and Bisson, L.F. 1991b. Amino acid utilization and urea formation during vinification fermentations. Am. ]. Enol. Vitic. 42,199-208. 

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