Biorefineries lignocellulosic feedstock biorefinery

Type of raw materials used whole crop biorefineries (W CBRs), oleochemical biorefineries, lignocellulosic feedstock biorefineries, green biorefineries, and marine biorefineries. 

Figure 1.5 Simplified schematic diagram of a lignocellulosic feedstock biorefinery...

In reality, while the sole products of existing pulp and paper manufacturing facilities today are pulp and paper (phase I biorefinery), these facilities are geared to collect and process substantial amounts of lignocellulosic biomass. They thus provide an ideal foundation to develop advanced lignocellulose feedstock biorefineries. Additional processes could be built around pulp mills, either as an extension or as an across-the-fence -type company (Agenda 2020). 

The first step will be to separate the seed from the straw (collection will obviously occur simultaneously, to minimise energy use and labour cost). The seeds may then be processed to produce starch and a wide variety of products, including ethanol and bioplastics (e.g. polylactic acid). The straw can be processed to products via various conversion processes, as described above for a lignocellulosic feedstock biorefinery. 

As discussed in detail in Chapter 1 [1], the chemical-catalytic approach to biomass valorization is poised to come to the fore of biorefinery operations due to its advantages over microbial and thermochemical processing of lignocellulosic feedstocks. Below, we consider three mainstream platform chemicals, collectively referred to as furanics, that are derived from the acid-catalyzed dehydration of carbohydrates. The first, 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural, or HMF 1, is an icon of the biorefinery movement. With derivatives that branch out over multiple product manifolds, HMF is a recognized commercial opportunity for whoever can manage to produce it economically, and approaches towards the realization of this aim will be discussed. 

Hayes DJ, Fitzpatrick S, Hayes MHB, Ross JRH (2006) The Biofine process - production of levulinic acid, furfural, and formic acid from lignocellulosic feedstocks. In Kamm B, Gruber PR, Kamm M (eds) Biorefineries - industrial processes and products. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, pp 139-164... 

Compared to the availability of fossil resources, areas for biomass cultivation are globally more evenly distributed, thereby enhancing the security of supply. Biorefineries utilizing lignocellulosic feedstock may even help to a certain extent to combat the unemployment status of rural areas (Menon and Rao, 2012). 

Reith JH, van Ree R, Capote Campos R, Bakker RR, de Wild PJ, Monot F, Estrine B, Bridgwater AV, Agostini A. (2009). Lignocellulosic feedstock biorefinery for co-production of chemicals, transportation fuels, electricity and heat. International Workshop on Biorefinery, Madrid, Spain, 22 June 2009. 

Lignocellulosic Feedstock Biorefinery 10- Syngas Platform Biorefinery (Thermochemical Biorefinery)... 

Design Strategies for Integration of Biorefinery Concepts at Existing Industrial Process Sites Case Study of a Biorefinery Producing Ethylene from Lignocellulosic Feedstock as an Intermediate Platform for a Chemical Cluster... 

Hayes, D.J., Fitzpatrick, S., Hayes, M.H., Ross, J.R., 2006. The biofine process-production of levulinic acid, fitffural, and formic acid from lignocellulosic feedstocks. Biorefineries-Industrial Processes and Product 1,139-164. 

Cheng, S., Zhu, S., 2009. lignocellulosic feedstock biorefinery—the future of the chemical and energy industry. 

Uihlein, A., Schebek, L., 2009. Environmental impacts of a lignocellulosic feedstock biorefinery system An assessment. Biomass and Bioenergy 33, 793-802. 

TABLE 16.1 Composition of Representative Forest-Based Lignocellulosic Feedstock for Biorefinery... 

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