Cultivated Biomass

Fungal biomass cultivation can be accomplished by two approaches, namely SSF and SMF. 

A key idea of SONNE is the capture of CO2 from the atmosphere to close the global carbon cycle analogously to the biosphere (Fig. 2.98). According to the fluxes described in Fig. 2.98, the system can be established within a steady state (CO2 flux in = CO2 flux out) or even run in an air abatement mode (CO2 flux in > CO2 flux out). Air capture includes three approaches CO2 capture from ambient air, from seawater and via biomass cultivation (biofarming). All these approaches are interlinked within the global carbon cycle but with different characteristic times. 

Directive due to boost EU renewable energy use to 20% by 2020. The latter also aims for a substitution of 10% of transport fuels by biofuels in 2020 as a mandatory target for the Member States. Furthermore, this directive also defines minimum sustainability standards, e.g. a 35% reduction of greenhouse gas emission and a focus on the type of land used for biomass cultivation. 

Compared to the availability of fossil resources, areas for biomass cultivation are globally more evenly distributed, thereby enhancing the security of supply. Biorefineries utilizing lignocellulosic feedstock may even help to a certain extent to combat the unemployment status of rural areas (Menon and Rao, 2012). 

The total acidification is 1.17E-01 Kg SO2 equivalents per kg GTE diesel and 6.40E-02 Kg SO2 equivalents per kg biodiesel produced. Characterization factors for acidifrcation on both the global and the European scale are defined for SO2, NOx, and NH3. Biomass cultivation is the principal processes that concur to this impact category for the biodiesel production. For GTE diesel, the main sources of contribution are production of steam and heat for the process operation purpose. 

Table 1. Fatty acids composition of P. cruentum biomass cultivated at different temperatures and biomass densities.

Dahiya, A., 2015. Algae biomass cultivation for advanced biofuel production. In Bioenergy. Elsevier, pp. 219—238 (Chapter 14). Available at http //www.sciencedirect.com/science/ article/pii/B9780124079090000146 (accessed 29.03.16.). 

Where yield coefficients are constant for a particular cell cultivation system, knowledge of how one variable changes can be used to determine changes in the other. Such stoichiometric relationships can be useful in monitoring fermentations. For example, some product concentrations, such as CO2 leaving an aerobic bioreactor, are often the most convenient to measure in practice and give information on substrate consumption rates, biomass formation rates and product formation rates. 

Much of the surface soil erosion and hence nutrient loss occurs when deforestation and biomass burning removes and/or consumes the organic materials that protect the soil surface. Significant losses may occur by dry ravel or overland water erosion associated with precipitation events. Under a shifting cultivation system in a tropical deciduous forest ecosystem in Mexico, Maass et al. 61) reported first year losses of N, P, K, and Ca were 187, 27, 31, and 378 kg ha" respectively. In contrast, losses in adjacent undisturbed forests were less than 0.1 kg ha for all nutrients except Ca (losses were 0.1-0.5 kg ha for Ca). 

Fig. 6 shows a fed batch fermentation of sweet sorghum juice (SSJ) by Bacillus aryabhattai in 3 L fermentor under cultivating condition with agitation rate at 200 rpm, air rate of 1.5 1/min, at 30° C and feeding time at 18 and 24 hr during log phase of the culture. It was found that the cell could continuously produce both biomass and PHAs. Maximum cells were obtained at about 14.20 g/1 at 54 hr when PHAs content reached 4.84 g/1 after 66 hr (Tanamool et al., 2011). In addition, in Table 2, fed batch fermentation by A, latus was used for the production of PHAs (Yamane et al, 1996 Wang Lee, 1997). It could yield high productivity with the use of cheap carbon sources. 

The effect of a particular cultivation environment on a system can be evaluated in terms of biomass (fresh/dry weight, cell number), secondary metabolite production [51,75,89,102,103,106,107] or substrate consumption (e.g. carbon source [57] or oxygen [53,108]). Using the Evan s Blue method to identify non-viable cells. Ho et al. [108] used viable cell density measurements to determine variations in specific growth rate attributable to hydrodynamic stress. 

Algae can be cultivated easily and quickly when compared to plants. They produce very high quantities of carotenoids compared to other sources (3.0 to 5.0% w/w on a dry weight basis). They contain both cis and trans isomers of carotenoids for high bioavailability and bioefflcacy, and also contain oxygenated carotenoids (xantho-phylls), which have greater bioactivity and better anticancer properties. The proteins from Dunaliella biomass can be utilized for bread and other products and whole cells can be utilized for animal, poultry, and fish foods because they are safe. ... 

On the other hand, agricultural wastes can be alternatively used as substrates for edible biomass production. Cotton plant stalks [8], maize residues [9], olive milling wastewater [10] have been tested for cultivation of Pleurotus sp. fruiting body. 

H.annuus 1805 cell suspension was cultivated on a shaker (11.6 rad/s) at 26-28 °C in the dark in 1/5 net volume flasks. Duration of growth was different from 5 days for obtaining the inoculum to 10 days for studying the course of growth, the course of changes in the cell walls and the courses of biosynthesis and secretion of the enzymes polygalacturonase and pectinmethylesterase as well. For inoculation 20 % (v/v) five-day cell suspension, containing 9 g/L dry cell biomass, was used. 

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