Types of Company

The most successful chemical suppliers are likely to have access to the necessary raw materials at competitive prices. The raw materials for additives are  

The petrochemieal and ehemical eompanies emerging in the Middle East are well placed to assume inereased importance in the next five years beeause of their direct access both to raw materials and to cheap energy sources. In contrast, manufacturers in Asia and South America are sometimes held back by inadequate or expensive electricity supplies. 

Chemical manufacturers are concerned that the price of petroleum-based raw materials is likely to rise steeply over the next decade because of increased demand for crude oil to satisfy the ever-increasing requirements of China, India and the USA. Crude oil prices rose in 2004 to their highest level for three decades. 

The following list of large and medium sized additive producers and suppliers, mainly but not exclusively with headquarters in Europe or North America, illustrates their diversity. It is not comprehensive there are too many producers to list here, as well as many distributors. Some additive companies sell masterbatches as well as additives. (Since this report was written, it has been announced that Crompton Corporation has agreed to buy Great Lakes Chemical Corporation for 1.3 billion eiuos. The new company will be headed by Robert Wood (ex Dow Chemical) and will have sales of about 3 billion euros. This news was too late for it to be reflected in the report as a whole.) 

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Jim Casey wrote and spoke often about the values which UPS should hold and the type of company it should be. He left a large imprint upon UPS, which today is taught to every employee. And when you ask UPS executives, they talk about their duty to make sure those values, those ways of doing business, and those ways of taking care of employees, continue. They do not want UPS s culture to change or fail on their watch. ... 

Some chemical companies spend a very high percentage of sales on R D expenditures. Almost all of these companies are pharmaceutical companies, that portion of the industry that is highly competitive technically and requires substantial basic research to remain competitive. These types of companies can spend large percentages of their sales on R D Pfizer, 17% Bristol-Myers Squibb, 9% Eli Lilly, 18%. Most general large U.S. chemical companies spend a smaller portion of their sales on R D Du Pont, 6% Dow, 5% Rohm and Haas, 4% Eastman Chemical, 4%. 

For a further breakdown of the markets according to types of company and drug development stage, see Table 12.6. 

Type of Company Phase II/III Access Point 2 Phase IV Access Point 3 Generic Access Point 4 ... 

For example, commission salespeople get paid in clumps Make a big sale, get a big paycheck. Freelance writers, artists, and consultants are paid in similar lump-sum fashion. The person starting a business has periods of clumplike payment, although after companies get underway, they themselves may be divided into dumpish and tricklish types of companies. 

What type of company culture would you create within your own company How would you go about doing so ... 

Represents a system that incorporates 100% of the essential elements required by the applicable regulations, current industry, standards, and FDA expectations for this type of company and has achieved a high level of personnel compliance to internal procedures and FDA regulations. (A formal program for continuous improvement is in place and is well underway.)... 

Represents a system that incorporates less than 50% of the essential elements required by applicable regulations, current industry standards, and FDA expectations for this type of company. 

In reviewing the overall economics of combinatorial chemistry as a business, it is important to understand the fundamental structure of the industry. Is combinatorial chemistry an integrated industry, or is it fragmented Does any single company have a more significant market share than the competitors What types of companies actually make up the industry of combinatorial chemistry ... 

Table 24.2 also shows that the combinatorial chemistry industry is highly fragmented, consisting of four major types of companies that make different contributions to the field and have different requirements. Within each of these categories it may be possible to find market leaders, although, because of the fragmented nature of the industry, it is impossible and meaningless to search for an overall leader in the field of combinatorial chemistry. 

As discussed elsewhere, the combinatorial chemistry industry is fragmented, consisting of four major types of companies, separated essentially by whether they make or use libraries. This has resulted in large numbers of alliances between these companies, and the characteristics of these alliances as business formats are developed elsewhere in this chapter. 

The process has not yet finished and there will be more rationalisation of the polymer industry. There are several learned analyses out there that purport to define the likely structures that will result. My own favourite is down to the Arthur D Little organisation. They see roles for four types of companies ... 

The other question to ponder is how these different types of company will address the relationship with academia. The availability of finance and the cost of labour will determine what type of company will be based in the UK, and that in turn will control the interaction between industry and the universities. If the headquarters is in the UK for historical reasons, but the operating divisions and units are in other countries, why would they invest in UK academic polymer science ... 

The outsourcing industry has also spawned a new type of company, the virtual company. The concept of a virtual company is based entirely on the use of contract manufacturers, laboratories, and other providers of services to take a product from concept to market. Such a company is truly horizontally integrated. Furthermore, it has the advantage of requiring only a few managers to coordinate the activities of various contractors as it conducts its business. 

Advisory boards are not considered promotional and differ from other types of company-organised meeting that have an educational content but are considered promotional. 

Securitization, thus, creates genuine cost reductions. By eliminating the risk of bankruptcy to investors, many different types of companies can better utilize their most valuable asset, their receivables, by accessing low cost capital market funding. 

The new chemical industry will have two main types of companies. The molecule providers will focus on delivering commodity and fine chemicals at the lowest cost. These will require all the traditional skills associated with chemical engineering with a particular emphasis on supply chain and logistics optimisation, plant efficiency and reliability. The problem solvers will provide customised effects. Whether these are speciality additives or personalised drug systems, the customer is more concerned with the efficacy of the product than with specification of the composition of the product. 

Assets are classified as current or fixed, and liabilities as current or long-term. Fixed assets are material items that have a relatively long life and normally include land, buildings, plant, vehicles, etc. They are held for the specific purpose of earning revenue and are not for sale in the normal course of business. Current assets include cash and those items that can be fairly easily converted into cash, such as raw-materials inventories, etc. In contrast to fixed assets, current assets are acquired for the specific purpose of conversion into cash in the normal course of business. However, what is regarded as a fixed asset by one type of company might be regarded as a current asset by another. For example, a chemical company would normally classify its vehicles as a fixed asset. However, a company whose primary business was to sell vehicles would classify them as a current asset. 

The companies that participate in on-campus recruiting tend to be large firms that hire many new employees straight out of college. The types of companies that recruit vary depending upon which college you attend. 

General Data. Present owner, type of company and production processes, type of chemicals used, type of waste products, possible causes of pollution... 

In recognition of this factor, the Office of Policy and Analysis within the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) asked Booz, Allen Hamilton Inc. to assess the nature of industrial activities in the utilization of biomass for energy. This assessment, performed in the summer and fall of 1979, focused upon identifying the structure of the industry, the types of companies active in the industry, what they are doing, and what the motivations are for these activities. 

The biomass industry is composed of groups of companies active in the development of specific products or uses for biomass. The focus of their activities is generally not to develop processes or equipment which can be used in a wide range of applications. Rather, industry has focused its efforts on particular applications suited to their circumstances. The specific types of companies and their activities are described in the following section. 

Type of Company Level of Outsourcing Relative Absolute Remarks... 

We have nothing. The third type of company is one who recognizes that their program is severely deficient, and that fundamental changes are required. The audit establishes a baseline and a starting point. 

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