Intermediate platforms

Figure 1.1.17 The solar refinery as the conceptual contribution of chemistry by chemical energy conversion to the sustainable use of renewable energy. The upstream part (hydrogen generation) and the downstream parts need not to be colocalized in a practical realization. CSP stands for concentrated solar power. Green boxes indicate solar fuel products blue boxes stand for intermediate platform chemicals. The red arrows indicate flows of solar hydrogen to a storage and transport system for large-scale applications. The blue arrows show the major application lines for chemical production of solar fuels. The scheme also indicates the role of fertilizers from ammonia required in sustained use of biomass for energetic applications.

Ladders securely tied should be situated as close as possible to the working area on the roof and extend 1 m above the roof level. Where the height to the roof exceeds 9 m, it is normally a requirement that a scaffold tower with ladders be provided such that the height between intermediate platforms does not exceed 9 m. 

Type of biorefinery Feedstock Intermediates Platform Monomers... 

Ladders D and E—Limited to a 30-ft (9150-mm) maximum ladder run per Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). An intermediate platform is required. 

The 360 firing platform allows full access around the radiant seaion to the burner valves (at the peep doors) and instruments. The intermediate platform is furnished to meet OSHA requirements, which state... 

Reactors taller than 30 ft (9,150 mm) should be treated much like towers (.see Chapter 10) for platform requirements except that, for reactors, intermediate platforms and ladders are required only for ac-ce,ss to temperature instruments, sample probe.s, cataly.st unloading nozzles at stacked ve.s.sels, and maximum ladder runs. Becau.se of the eamomics of platform bracket welding or client preference, however, reaaors mu,st. sometimes be. surrounded bv. steel... 

Platform widths are dictated by operator access. For intermediate platforms with no controls required and platforms with controls located to the side or the edge of die platform, the width must be a minimum of 3 ft (915 mm). At congested platforms with controls located oyer the platform, the width must be a minimum of 3 ft (915 mm) plus the width of the controls or... 

Where transition from one vertical ladder to another is accomplished using a side-step platform, the horizontal separation between the two ladders should be a maximum of 18 inches (460 millimeters). A mng on the parallel ladder to the intermediate platform should be at the same height as the platform. 

The top rung (as well as the top rung used to access an intermediate platform) on aU vertical ladders should be top flush with the top walking surface (or side-step platform). 

Ladders should not be used as a work platform. If ladders provide access to a work site on the side of tank, vessel, or other structure, then a work platform should be provided so that the worker can safely use both hands and is protected from falling were he or she to lose balance. Intermediate platforms should have sufficient clear standing area in front of the ladder and should have clearance from both sides of the ladder centerline. 

If an intermediate platform is either cost-prohibitive or impractical, a harness in combination with the climber safety rail provides true fall protection. 

All intermediate platforms should be equipped with handrails and toeboards on all sides not used as access to a vertical ladder. 

Design Strategies for Integration of Biorefinery Concepts at Existing Industrial Process Sites Case Study of a Biorefinery Producing Ethylene from Lignocellulosic Feedstock as an Intermediate Platform for a Chemical Cluster... 

Zvosec, R., 2013. 3-Hydroxypropionic Acid-a New Intermediate Platform. Cargill Inc. Available at http //www. bioreftne.org / grainscrops.php. 

These processes involve a multistep transformation from the carbohydrate fraction to the value-added products which makes most of them far from commercialization. Hence, intensive efforts are stiU required to enable scale up of synthetic protocols developed on a lab-scale into industrial processes. Some of the current drawbacks might be overcome by the one-pot transformation of lignocellulose carbohydrates in value-added chemicals without isolation of the intermediate platform molecules (Delidovich et al., 2014). Moreover, nanoporous materials, such as acidic, basic or metallic catalysts (zeolites, mesoporous silicas, microporous/mesoporous carbons, resins, metal oxides, etc.), wUl play a crucial role in this biomass transformation (Wang and Xiao, 2015). 

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