Biomass liquefaction products

Elliott, D. C, (1988). lEA co-operative Project Dl, Biomass Liquefaction Test Facility Project, Volume 4 Analysis and upgrading of biomass liquefaction products. DOE/NBM-1062 Vol. 4. Springfield, Virginia National Technical Information Service. 

Mckinley, J. W., Overend, R. P. Elliott, D. C. 1994. The ultimate analysis of biomass liquefaction products The results of the lEA Round Robin 1 . In Proc. Biomass pyrolysis oil properties and combustion meeting, 26 - 28 September 1994, Estes Park, CO. Golden, CO NREL. Pp. 34 - 53.(NREL-CP-430-7215.)... 

Elliott, D. C. Analysis and Upgrading of Biomass Liquefaction Products, lEA Co-operative Project D1 Biomass Liquefaction Test... 

Elliott, D. C. and E. G. Baker. "Upgrading Biomass Liquefaction Products Through Hydrodeoxygenation," in Biotechnology and Bioengineering. Symposium No. 14. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1984 p 159. 

D.C. Elliot E.G. Baker, "Upgrading Biomass Liquefaction Products through Hydrodeoxygenation", Biotechnology Bioengineering Symp. H, 159-174 (1984). 

Beckman, D., Elliott, D.C., Comparisons of the yields and properties of the oil products from direct thermochemical biomass liquefaction processes, Can. J. Chem. Eng., 1985, 63, 99. 

Liquefaction. Since the 1970s attempts have been made to commercialize biomass pyrolysis for combined waste disposal—liquid fuels production. None of these plants were in use in 1992 because of operating difficulties and economic factors only one type of biomass liquefaction process, alcoholic fermentation for ethanol, is used commercially for the production of liquid fuels. 

Biomass pyrolysis though is one of the fint process man developed, is being studied extensively since the last two decades to obtain liquid, gaseous and solid fuels and chemicals. It is well recognised that pyrolysis plays a key role in any of the thermochemical conversion process be it combustion, gasification, liquefaction, production of char or active carbon. In this context, selection of feedstock and optimal utilisation of the products can play a vital role [1], This paper suggests a criteria to select an appropriate biomass or find its relative suitability to the conversion processes. 

Liquefaction processes for biomass conversion can be categorized as slurry-phase. high-pressure processing, usually with catalysts or as dry pyrolysis at low or reduced pressure. The research has concentiated on the fuel properties and has often overlooked tiie detailed chemical analysis of the biomass-derived products. Both process types produce a complex mix of oxygenated organic components. The... 

Several approaches have been proposed for the production of liquid fuels from biomass. Alcohol production via fermentation is state-of-the-art technology for specific feedstocks (grain etc.). The use of non-food sources (urban refuse, industrial wastes, etc.) is not fully developed. Processing times are on the order of days however for biological conversion. Non-biological methods fall into two categories (1) direct liquefaction, and (2) indirect liquefaction. Both involve a thermal conversion step. Direct liquefaction... 

Products, Final Report, Volume 4 of International Energy Agency Cooperative Project D-1, Biomass Liquefaction Test Facility. National Energy Administration Stockholm, 1985. 

Most of the test work has been done with two product oils from the Albany, Oregon Biomass Liquefaction Experimental Facility. Both oils were produced In an alkali-catalyzed, reducing gas environment with long residence times and high pressure (3000 psig). The TR12 represents a PERC-type recycle oil slurry process, and TR7 represents the LBL-type aqueous slurry single pass process. Detailed process descriptions (U) can be found elsewhere. 

Beldman G, Voragen AGJ, Rombouts FM, Pilnik W, Derairbas A. 1982. Liquefaction and saccharification of agricultural biomass Effect of lignin content on aqueous liquefaction products of biomass. Energy from biomass Proceedings of the EC contractors meeting, Brussels. 41 1601-1607. 

Thermochemical Liquefaction. Most of the research done since 1970 on the direct thermochemical Hquefaction of biomass has been concentrated on the use of various pyrolytic techniques for the production of Hquid fuels and fuel components (96,112,125,166,167). Some of the techniques investigated are entrained-flow pyrolysis, vacuum pyrolysis, rapid and flash pyrolysis, ultrafast pyrolysis in vortex reactors, fluid-bed pyrolysis, low temperature pyrolysis at long reaction times, and updraft fixed-bed pyrolysis. Other research has been done to develop low cost, upgrading methods to convert the complex mixtures formed on pyrolysis of biomass to high quaHty transportation fuels, and to study Hquefaction at high pressures via solvolysis, steam—water treatment, catalytic hydrotreatment, and noncatalytic and catalytic treatment in aqueous systems. 

Modell, M., Gasification and liquefaction of forest products in supercritical water. In Fundamentals of Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, Overend, R. P. Milne, T. A., Eds., Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, London, 1985, pp. 95-119. 

Thermochemical conversion processes use heat in an oxygen controlled environment that produce chemical changes in the biomass. The process can produce electricity, gas, methanol and other products. Gasification, pyrolysis, and liquefaction are thermochemical methods for converting biomass into energy. 

Over the past two decades, considerable interest has been directed toward the conversion of cellulosic biomass (such materials as wood wastes, bagasse, and straw) into useful products, notably fuels. Several procedures, including fermentation, gasification, liquefaction, and pyrolysis, have been commercially applied to carbohydrates with various degrees of success. In order to use the polysaccharides present in lignocel-lulosic materials as a substrate in fermentation processes, pretreatments are necessary, such as with steam (under slightly acid conditions) or... 

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