Organic oxygenates

Outside of hydrocarbons, certain organic oxygenated compounds such as the alcohols and ethers are henceforth utilized in the formulation of gasolines. These are mostly methanol, ethanol, propanols and butanols, as well as methyl and ethyl ethers obtained from and Cj olefins ... 

Petroleum, particulady shale oil, also contains organic oxygen and nitrogen compounds. Model reactions for the removal of these materials with hydrogen include... 

Where water softening is provided and there is no reduction in system water TDS, treatments are primarily based on inorganic corrosion inhibitor blends (nitrite, molybdate, etc.). Under these circumstances, there is no benefit in using an expensive organic oxygen scavenger to keep the TDS level low, and a common chemical such as catalyzed sodium sulfite may be used. 

Demineralized water is often employed for HTHW systems, and here it is preferable to employ an organic oxygen scavenger. Hydrazine, although a health hazard, is often used, although diethylhydroxylamine (DEHA) is preferred from an overall safety position or where there are high levels of nonferrous metals present. The pH typically is maintained at 8 to 10, depending on specific circumstances. 

Similarly, when catalyzed the reaction rate decreases significantly as a function of pH level. The optimum reaction pH level is approximately 9.5 to 10.5. Iron, and especially copper, in the boiler may act as adventitious catalysts. However, as metal transport polymers are frequently employed, iron, copper, or cobalt may be transported away from contact with sulfite, and thus are not available for catalysis. (This may be a serious problem in high-pressure units employing combinations of organic oxygen scavengers and metal ion catalysts.)... 

Dihydroxyacetone (CH20HC 0) has a MW of 90. Another novel organic oxygen scavenger introduced 20 years ago with little or no commercial success, DHA is catalyzed by HQ and Mn. The reaction requires at least 2 ppm DHA per 1 ppm oxygen. 

Bacteria + organics + oxygen + nutrients (N, P) —> more bacteria + byproducts (18.7)... 

In the presence of highly polar organic oxygen or nitrogen compounds even larger complex ions are to be expected. 

Ambrose, D., Sprake, C. H. S. and Townsend, R. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 6 (1974) 693-700. Thermodynamic properties of organic oxygen compounds XXXIII. The vapour pressure of acetone. 

Kavdia M, Pittman RN, Popel AS. Theoretical analysis of effects of blood substitute affinity and cooperativity on organ oxygen transport. J Appl Physiol 2002 93 2122. 

Andon, R.J.E., Biddiscombe, D.P., Cox, F.D., Handley, R., Harrop, D., Herington, E.F.G., and Martin, J.F. Thermodynamic properties of organic oxygen compounds. Part 1. Preparation of physical properties of pure phenol, cresols and xylenols, J. 

Andon, R.J.E., Counsell, J.F., Herington, E.F.G., and Martin, J.F. Thermodynamic properties of organic oxygen compounds. 

Andon, R.J.E., Counsell, J.F., Tees, E.B., Martin, J.F., and Mash, MJ. Thermodynamic properties of organic oxygen compounds. Part 17. Tow-temperature heat capacity and entropy of the cresols, Trans. Faraday Soc., 63 1115-1121,1967. Andon, R.J.E., Cox, J.D., and Herington, E.F.G. Phase relationships in the pyridine series. Part V. The thermodynamic properties of dilute solutions of pyridine bases in water at 25 °C and 40 °C, J. Chem. Soc. (London), pp. 3188-3196, 1954. Andrades, M.S., Sanchez-Martin, M.J., and Sanchez-Camazano, M. Significance of soil properties in the adsorption and mobility of the fungicide metalaxyl in vineyard soils, J. Agric. Food Chem., 49(5) 2363-2369, 2001. 

Hammett, L.P. and Chapman, R.P. The solubilities of some organic oxygen compounds in snlfuric acid-water mrxtnres, J. Am. 

Alcohols, carboxylic acids, and esters are oxygen-containing molecules that play multiple roles in living organisms. Oxygen-centered radicals are thought to contribute to the aging process. 

Ambrose D, Ellender JH, Lees EB, et al. 1975. Thermodynamic properties of organic oxygen compounds. XXXVIII. Vapour pressures of some aliphatic ketones. J Chem Thermodynamics 7 453-472. 

The major components of biomass are organic oxygenates belonging to the following groups acids, aldehydes, alcohols, ketones and phenols. Notably, the extent of matter did not allow a comprehensive discussion and we focused our attention here on some key oxygenated compounds. 

The reaction of diethyl ether with concentrated hydrogen chloride (HCl) is typical of that of an oxygen base with a protic acid. Just like water, organic oxygenated compounds are protonated to give oxonium ions, e.g. protonated ether. 

Relatively few compounds of thallium(III) with simple organic oxygen donors are known, and in particular the adducts of T1X3 do not appear to have been systematically investigated.5... 

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