Biomass cellulose

Keywords Biomass, Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Ionic liquids, Lignin... 

The two most dominating characteristics of cellulose are the specific surface area, SSA, and the crystallinity index, CrI. Specific surface area is defined as the amount of surface area per mass of cellulose. Crystallinty index is the relative amount of crystalline cellulose as opposed to the amount of amorphous cellulose [15]. In biomass, cellulose is closely associated with hemicellulose and lignin. Agricultural residues are composed of 30 - 40 % cellulose, 25 - 35 % hemi-... 

In recent years ethanol is receiving a great deal of attention as well, due to its production from agricultural resources and, potentially, from biomass (cellulosic ethanol). Therefore, all three fuels could be major players in the alternative energy sector. 

Lignocellulose The structural portion of most plants, composed of a complex mixture of cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin and comprising the vast majority of all biomass. Cellulose is a polymer of glucose... 

In addition to the traditional pretreatment techniques mentioned above, fractionation, a newer class of pretreatment, aims not only to improve hydrolysis but also to separate the core constituents of lignocellulosic biomass cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin (Fitzpatrick et al. 2010). This strategy has advantages since each component may be upgraded separately, improving the economy of a Biorefinery process substantially. 

There are three major polymeric, interwoven components of biomass cellulose, hemicellulose/pectin, and lignin. Fundamentally different types of enzyme sets are necessary for their degradation, and no single microorganism is able to degrade all polymers in plant cell walls completely without the help of others. 

Supercritical conversion of biomass Cellulose hemicellulose, lignin Fermentable sugars, biotuel, ethanol... 

American public support has turned its attention to third-generation biofuels (eg, biomass/cellulose based biofuels), sustaining numerous projects. Excise tax credits ( 1.00/gallon biodiesel tax credit for producers or blenders of pure biodiesel and biodiesel from biomass) and import tariffs are mainly used as instmments for biofuels support across States (U.S. Department of Energy, 2015). The support policy for biofuels in the United States tends to apply low tariffs on imported biofuels commodities. Tariffs on ethanol are, for example, the equivalent of 1.2—2.5% from countries outside NAFTA. Blending practices are also notably applied to favor the reexport of biofuel commodities, in particular to the European Union. 

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