Biological conversion technologies

This review limits itself to the treatment of high-temperature thermochemical biomass conversion technologies. There are very good overviews of biological conversion technologies for hydrogen production, for example, Ni et al.13 and Zaborsky.29... 

Biological conversion to protein Protein, alcohol Shredding, air separation Technology on pilot scale only... 

The production of enzymes is the major (argei of numerous biological conversions. In years pasl, the principal sources of enzymes were extraction products from plant and animal sources. The application of DNA technology has made large inroads in ihe production of synihelic" enzymes. 

Several approaches have been proposed for the production of liquid fuels from biomass. Alcohol production via fermentation is state-of-the-art technology for specific feedstocks (grain etc.). The use of non-food sources (urban refuse, industrial wastes, etc.) is not fully developed. Processing times are on the order of days however for biological conversion. Non-biological methods fall into two categories (1) direct liquefaction, and (2) indirect liquefaction. Both involve a thermal conversion step. Direct liquefaction... 

Bioreactors are typically considered vessels that produce products in a controlled manner via biological conversion. These systems convert materials (substrates) by influencing metabolic pathways to transform materials into products of interest (Williams 2002). Microbial bioreactors have been used for many years to produce products such as cheese, wine, beer, and bread through traditional fermentation, a process that was studied in depth by the famous microbiologist Louis Pasteur. Current technologies not only produce these products, but also a variety of other products such as industrial solvents (biofuels), biogas, acids, sugars, vitamins, antibiotics, and enzymes for bioconversion processes, as well as other primary and secondary metabolites (Williams 2(X)2 Ullmann 2007). 

Abubackar, H.N., Veiga, M.C., Kennes, C., 2012. Biological conversion of carbon monoxide to ethanol effect of pH, gas pressure, reducing agent and yeast extract. Bioresource Technology 114, 518-522. 

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