Examples of products

For most of the further uses oils and fats must be split into the so-called oleochemical base materials fatty acid methyl esters, fatty acids, glycerol and, as hy- 

---

Partially Defatted Nuts. There is considerable demand for nuts and nut products of reduced fat content. Almond meal and peanut meal are examples of products having low fat content achieved by pressing oil from the nuts and by grinding the cake. Much of the flavor is in the oil defatted nuts are thus less tasty. 

Recombinant DNA technology has already provided several products of therapeutic interest from mammalian cells. Table 2 gives examples of products from mammalian cells, the use, and the technology used for production. Technology development for these products has centered around the differences in characteristics of mammalian versus microbial cells, notably, the shear sensitivity and susceptibiUty to contamination of the mammalian lines. 

Ethanol fermentation is a particularly good example of product accumulation inhibiting the microbial culture. Most strains of yeast have a much slower alcohol production rate when ethanol reaches about ten percent, and the wine or said strains that achieve over 20 percent by volume of ethanol are very, very slow. A system known as the Vacuferm for removal of alcohol by distillation as it is formed is... 

Generally, the stereochemistry of the products obtained on hydrogenation of isolated olefins is not affected by the nature of the solvent. However, an example of product dependence on the nature of the reaction medium which... 

Pyrolyses of Nl- or N3-substituted derivatives of compounds 4 and 5 have continued to find use as routes to azacarbazoles, although the yields are often indifferent and there are no recent examples. The photochemical reactions are dealt with in Section IV.G. Pyrolysis media are paraffin (P) or PPA, and examples of products are compounds 247 (P, cytostatic) (83MI2), 248 (P) (84MI1), and 249 (from a 1-substituted derivative) (86MI2). Indications of diradical intermediates are provided by the thermolysis of compound 250 (P) (83MI2) where one product is a dimer. 

The usually reported second largest market for plastics is building and construction consuming about 20 wt%. However, the amount of plastics is only about 5% of all materials consumed in building and construction so that a large growth area exists for plastics when the price is right since then-properties provide durability, performances, insulation, cosmetics, etc. (Fig. 4-5). Different plastics are used that include PVCs, PEs, PMMA, PSs, phenolics, TS polyesters, and many more. Examples of products are listed in Table 4-1. 

Table 10-3. Representative examples of products and yields in Meerwein reactions of ethene and some of its derivatives.

This procedure has several advantages over previous methods. It provides a simple direct route to unsymmetrically substituted isoxazoles in which the substituents are unequivocally located. The method uses readily available starting materials and can be used for the synthesis of variety of substituted isoxazoles in which the substituents are nonreactive to butyllithium. Examples of products synthesized by this method7 are given in Table I. 

The properties of a polymer depend not only on its gross chemical composition but also on its molecular weight distribution, copolymer composition distribution, branch length distribution, and so on. The same monomer(s) can be converted to widely differing polymers depending on the polymerization mechanism and reactor type. This is an example of product by process, and no single product is best for all applications. Thus, there are several commercial varieties each of polyethylene, polystyrene, and polyvinyl chloride that are made by distinctly different processes. 

This is a further deepened work of what Samsung Total accomplished[12-14] several years ago. Several operation conditions including hardware modification which may enhance the productivity were deduced and simulated using the simulation model. Some ideas wctb alre y applied to commercial plant when they were concluded practically reasonable while some are on the waiting list One of the examples of productivity enhancement is shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 which compare the conversion profiles and MWDs under original and revised operation conditions. As shown in these two figures the productivity was mhanced while MWD docs not change much. 

There is no doubt that the major weakness of the reactive dyeing process is the hydrolysis reaction and the consequent need for a wash-off" process. The extent to which dye hydrolysis takes place in competition with dye-fibre reaction varies quite markedly within the range 10 40% depending upon the system in question. A considerable amount of research has therefore been devoted to the search for reactive dyes with improved fixation. The most successful approach to addressing this issue has involved the development of dyes with more than one fibre-reactive group in the molecule, which statistically improves the chances of dye fibre bond formation. Examples of products of this type are the Procion H-E... 

The main function of the foam stabilising agent is to reinforce the intercellular film wall by contributing rheological characteristics of viscoelasticity. The increased viscosity may also assist handling. The aim, as so often with auxiliaries, is to achieve an optimum balance. If the bubbles are too thin and wet too quickly they will collapse prematurely, whilst too stable a film could hinder uniform application. Examples of products used as foam stabilisers include thickening agents such as the polysaccharides, hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose,... 

Mixed-ligand anions [RC=CAuX] are rare in organogold chemistry. Selected examples have been obtained from reactions of [RC=CAuL oligomers with halides Q+X, from Q[Au(acac)2] salts with alkynes, followed by acids HX in the molar ratio 1 1 1, and from complexes (tht)AuCl (tht = tetrahydrothiophene) or [(Ph3P)2C]AuCl with an alkyne and a base (1 1 1). Known examples of products include salts Q+[HC=CAuCl/Br]-72 and [(Ph3P)2CH]+[PhC=CAuCl]. 52,53 Anions with mixed alkynyl/aryl substituents are present in... 

Patent flour has two classes of use. It can be used to make whiter bread or where very high protein content is required. The use of patent flour to make bread seems to be dying out. Its use does, however, remain popular in South Wales. There are various examples of products where patent flour is used for its protein quality, e.g. filo pastry and West Indian patties. Both of these products are brown so the colour of the flour is not important. 

If a product with a neutral pH is being made a high methoxyl pectin would not set, therefore the only option is to use a low methoxyl pectin. Examples of products with a neutral pH are mint flavoured jellies and Turkish delight. 

TABLE 2. Examples of products formed following photolysis of some acyltriphenylger-manes containing terminal olefin groups... 

In 1995 Crowe and co-workers underlined the potential of the molybdenum alkylidene 3 as a catalyst for cross-metathesis when they reported the first examples of productive acrylonitrile metathesis [27] (for example Eq. 10). 

Researchers at Merck Co. [35] who, together with scientists from Solvias, had developed the enantioselective hydrogenation of unprotected enamine amides and esters [36], reported a more recent example of product inhibition. The product amine amide or ester was found to be an inhibitor of the catalyst, and indeed instances of catalyst poisoning by amines have been reported several times (see later). The authors also found an excellent solution to this problem the addition of BOC-anhydride to the hydrogenation reaction neatly reacts away all the amine to form the BOC-protected amine, whereas the enamine was left unreacted (Scheme 44.4). This addition resulted in a remarkable rate enhancement [35]. 

Figure 10.3. Selected examples of products obtained with ethene and non-conjugated diynes.

The definition of P(n m) is identical with that of (n m) except that condition (b) is to be omitted. (In writing these equations, and in many of those that follow, we can omit the subscript 2 since no ambiguity will arise in practice.) Examples of products occurring in ( (n m) and P(n m) are shown in Fig. 5. 

One distinction between test types is that some use a loose abradant and others use a solid abradant. A loose abrasive powder can be used rather in the manner of a shotblasting machine as a logical way to simulate the action of sand or similar abradants impinging on the plastic in service. Conveyor belts or tank linings are examples of products subject to abrasion by loose materials. A loose abradant can also be used between two sliding surfaces to simulate a contaminant or wear debris. The majority of wear situations involve the plastic moving in contact with another solid material and solid abradants can consist of almost anything. 

---